Oscillating Universe

This Text Is The Second Platform In A Series Of Three Designated By The Author For His Work On "Quantum Space". If The Reader Has Particular Questions About The Step By Step Reasoning Contained In This Text, The Answers Are Likely To Be Found In Either Of These Other Works. The Initial "Quantum Space" Work Is Located At: http://www.johnkharms.com/space.htm . The General Relativity And Quantum Space Text Can Be Found At: http://www.johnkharms.com/GTR.htm .

The Author Essentially Pictures Two Possibilities For The Universe, An "Open Universe" (That Expands Forever) Or A "Closed Universe" (That Eventually Collapses Back In On-Itself). If You Are Searching For A "Closed Universe" Model, You Are Now Here. However, If You Want To See The Author's Ideas On The "Open Universe", See: http://www.johnkharms.com/inflation.htm .

The Closed Universe Proposal

The Oscillating Universe And Quantum Space

The Photon--Photon Hole Ratio And The Fluctuating Cosmological Constant

A Fluctuating Cosmological Term Governs An Oscillating Universe

By: John K. Harms

Email: harmsjk3@earthlink.net

Go To HOME

Updated: August, 2001

Abstract:

The text proposes a "closed" Universe, a Universe that eventually collapses in on-itself. It is the logical extension of the author's work on quantum space, as well as other ideas on the Cosmological Constant that the author surmised more than ten years ago. The primary conclusions of this text are that it is the Cosmological Constant that primarily governs the expansion or contraction of the Universe. Hence, it may be the case that the Universe can be closed and eventually collapse. The production of photon holes (similar to the effects of matter) may be responsible for this occurrence. An oscillating Universe is, therefore, possible when the Cosmological Constant is variable and fluctuates. The various stages of these oscillations are discussed. The elements of Cosmological Constant's variability are investigated and expressed as a numerical ratio of grid vibrations to negative pressure photon hole attractiveness. Galaxies are viewed as cracks (photon holes) in the weaker regions of space that may cease the Universe's expansion. This model also has a number of difficulties based upon observations that the author will discuss. Some probable consequences of this model are also discussed.

Key Words: Closed Universe, Oscillating Universe, Quantum Space, Quantum Foam, Cosmological Constant, Space-Grid, Big Bang, Photons, Photon Holes, Galaxies, Dark Matter, Dark Energy

Introduction

This paper essentially combines several concepts that the author has personally developed over time. In the most recent work (as of 2000) on quantum space, the Cosmological Constant and photon emission have been joined with the author's more than ten year old conception that the Cosmological Constant can widely fluctuate. In so doing, a fluctuating Cosmological Term may give rise to an oscillating Universe.

An oscillating Universe is a Universe that may begin with a Big Bang or also (in some scenarios) it does not. In some cases, the oscillating Universe has no beginning at all. If the author is permitted to ignore this question for now, the Universe then expands, until at some point, it slows to a halt and begins to collapse in on-itself to (in some proposals) a "Big Crunch", the return of all matter and energy to a singularity point from which it supposedly arose. The Universe then may begin anew in a new Big Bang-type expansion and repeated this cycle over and over again. In the author's mind, this is a somewhat reasonable proposition (perhaps, however, without a Big Crunch), if only the Cosmological Constant can widely fluctuate to guide this process along. Hence, the Cosmological Constant has this unique ability.

To cause the Cosmological Constant of the Universe to widely fluctuate as would be required for this kind of oscillation, the author has developed a fluctuation mechanism derived from both his work on photon emission and gravity. A somewhat enlightening numerical ratio describing the inner-workings of the Cosmological fluctuation process on the basis of these two primary factors is subsequently discussed.

The Universe Might Begin With A Bang

The Universe might have begun with a Big Bang. This may have been, as discussed in other texts, an evolutionary development from an earlier Universe (see the "Inflation" link below to view the "open Universe" proposal and a further discussion on this point). Or, perhaps, the Cosmos had no beginning at all, only a continuous series of oscillations back and forth from expansion to contraction and back again. In this text, the description of how the beginning may have taken place (and also if at all), is left fundamentally as an open question by this model.

What will be discussed in this text is the proposal of an oscillating Universe, the idea that the Cosmos first expands outward at, perhaps, an accelerated rate (as is observed), then slows to an eventual halt followed by an inward collapse. During this inward collapse, the Universe may shrink down eventually to a relatively small size of, perhaps, the girth of our own galaxy.

The Universe may then "bounce" or "rebound" and begin re-expanding again, outward in a kind of new Big Bang. At this time, the vacuum energy density of the quantum background must have been equal to 100%, an amount equal to the quantity of photon holes in the vacuum, creating a type of foam--quantum space foam.

As defined by the author, quantum space foam is a mix of photon holes with vacuum quanta (photons), kept somewhat orderly (into a grid-like structure as seen below) by negative pressure forces. Photons are the quanta of the oscillations of the grid caused by the oscillation of charged particles. Generally, however, the space foam is in a constant frothing motion over very short ranges. This is the essence of the quantum vacuum and the particles observed to arise from it.

This present cycle of our Universe may be a reoccurrence of the previous cycle and recur over and over without end. Presently, we exist in one of these cycles; and our present cycle appears to permit the existence of life forms. Luckily for us!

As we will see, this expansion, eventual collapse and re-expansion of the Universe may, in fact, be governed by a fluctuating Cosmological Constant. This Cosmological Constant (sometimes called the Cosmological "Term" by physicists) may fluctuate due to a numerical ratio of the number and energies of the photons in the Universe verses the number and (negative) energies of photon holes in the Cosmos.

Hence, it is proposed by this text that the quantity of photons as well as photon holes change the overall status (and value) of the Cosmological Term. At various places in the oscillation cycles of the Universe, the Cosmological Term may acquire a positive or a negative value with somewhat wide fluctuations. These fluctuations, as we will see, correspond to either an expansion or contraction stage of the Cosmos. In this proposal, the Universe is closed.

Based upon recent observational data (as of 2001), this model has two primary difficulties; how the Universe accelerates its expansion outward and how to being the Universe to a halt from this acceleration. These difficulties are both subsequently discussed.

Initial Outward Inflationary Expansion

As stated previously, the initial expansion of the Universe may have begun in a hot Big Bang, perhaps, with a short inflationary era (a very rapid accelerated expansion) a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. Inflation essentially smoothes-out the "rough-spots" in the hot explosion solving many of the previous difficulties with the hot Big Bang model. See the "Inflation" text also for a further description of this at the link below.

This first inflationary era may have been the result of the outward pressure of the original photon emissions in the Big Bang. As will be shown subsequently, such instantaneous emissions in the Big Bang itself would cause a rapid positive rise in the Cosmological Constant, a repulsive force caused primarily by the emission of new photons and the expansion of space. This is the essential force, along with spontaneous emission, that drives the Universe's expansion. The false-vacuum state is equivalent to the expansion of space by a positive Cosmological Constant. The false-vacuum was the MIT physicist Alan Guth's original suggestion for the mechanism which drives inflation in the early Universe.

Over time, the Universe then underwent another inflationary era, the era of the rise of galaxies. It is proposed that photon emission creates new quantum space and this space is fundamentally "holes" in the quantum vacuum--photon holes. Hence, photon emission subtracts energy from the quantum vacuum and this is proposed to be the process of the fabrication of space itself. Therefore, photon holes are quantum space and these particle-like entities along with ordinary photons are what the author will refer to as "space foam". Space foam, hence, is a mixture of photons and photon holes. When the space-grid of connected photon holes is brought into vibration (electromagnetic waves i.e., photons), the effect can be a repulsion or outward pressure on any objects in that space.

A quick description of the image above to give the reader an idea of the author's view of space foam. Space is composed of very minute elastic negative energy photon holes linked together by a negative pressure attraction. Vibrations of this grid-like structure are electromagnetic waves, the quanta of which are photons. It should be noted that the above image shows only two cells of space of the possibly infinite numbers out-there. They are linked together.

This quantum space foam spreads itself out quite evenly and uniformly far from gravitational fields, as the force of each photon in the foam on each other (if there is more photons than holes) tends to be repulsive (the vibrations force the grid apart). The space component photon holes tend to accumulate (or clump) in gravitational fields in and around matter (where the photon holes accumulate). But, where gravity is relatively weak (for example, between the galaxies) photons dominate over photon holes and space has an overall repulsive effect. Where imbalances of this quantum space exist (more holes than photons), from our perspective, we view these compression's of space as forces. More about this available at the "Quantum Space" links below.

The second inflationary era began when the stars within galaxies began to emit their own light. This may have been about thirteen billion years ago, give or take a billion years or two (Goldsmith, 2000).

As described in other "Quantum Space" texts (and not described in detail here), the accumulation of new space by the emission of photons creates a type of outward force (or pressure), pushing the galaxies apart from each other by adding photons to that space. It follows then that the brighter a galaxy is at all wavelengths, the more space is generated by it. The overall Universe, hence, expands at an accelerated rate, the result of new space fabrication by the galaxies.

Thus, the second era of inflation was initiated when the stars within the galaxies formed. It is also possible that the positive Cosmological Term began when photons decoupled from matter at the about 300,000 years after the Big Bang (Goldsmith, 2000). Nonetheless, we are presently entrenched within this second inflationary era, a runaway Universe.

The cause of this present inflationary expansion can be traced to a fluctuating Cosmological Term, a constant which presently has a positive value due to the present dominance of repulsive photons over photon holes in the quantum space foam. Being negative, the space foam, therefore, resists stretching close to gravitational fields, but will do so when farther away. As defined below, the spontaneous generation of space foam creates completely new space, and not only stretches the existing space foam.

But, what are the underlying causes of the Cosmological Term's fluctuations and what might the consequences be of these fluctuations for the future of our Universe?

What Drives The Cosmological Constant

Based upon the author's other work, the author proposes the following equation, a numerical ratio for the expansion of space i.e., the Cosmological Term. While the vacuum of space appears quite empty, it is in-fact not empty (Goldsmith, 2000). It is the author's hypothesis that space is a mix of negative energy photon holes and ordinary vacuum photons (the vibrations of the space-grid).

The author has a rather different definition of the Cosmological Term and this can be expressed as a numerical ratio of expansion to contraction factors. This ratio places the forces for the expansion of quantum space in the numerator and those of contraction in the denominator. The expansion of space (the Cosmological Term) can, then, be defined as a value above, below or equal to the number one, one being an exact balance between the expansion and contraction of space:

Equation # 1) The Cosmological Term For A Given Space = Energies Of Space-Grid Vibrations / Energies Of Negative Photon Hole Grid Attraction

Note: The Quantum Vacuum Can Fabricate New Space (Quantum Space Foam) Literally Out Of Nothing By Producing Photons Along With Photon Holes Of Identical But Opposite Energy. Hence, A Photon + A Photon Hole = 0. The Photons May Then (If They Do Interact) Fall-Into The Holes And Completely Cancel-Out. In Energetic And Very Turbulent Regions Of Space Surrounding Or Within Galaxies, There May A Great Amount Of Spontaneous Quantum Space Being Fabricated By This Method. This Is Another Process (Besides Photon Emission Alone) That A Galaxy May Utilize To Produce New Space. All Forms Of Photon Emission Produce, As A Byproduct, Quantum Space Foam. See The "Quantum Space" Text At The Link Below For Further Details Concerning The Quantum Vacuum.

Important Point: Space expansion or contraction is a type of balance between the ratio of photons to photon holes in a given quantity of space. In regions where holes are dominant (for example, near matter), space contracts. In regions where photons are dominant, the negative pressure space is more uniform and becomes repulsive. The Cosmological Term then becomes a ratio of photons to photon holes. Another way to picture this is that the space-grid will expand when it vibrates or oscillates too much, or contract when there is a lack of such vibrations.

It can, therefore, be understood that:

Space Expands When:

1) Photons And Photon Holes Are Spontaneously Generated (More Completely New Space Foam-- Both More Photons And Photon Holes). This Becomes Possible Because: Photons + Photon Holes = 0.

2) A Given Quantity Of Space Stretches When The Vibrations In The Space Foam Dominate (And Outnumber) A Photon Hole's Inward Attraction. This Can Happen When Ordinary Photons Are Emitted (For Example, By Glowing Galaxies) Or Where Relatively Less Photon Holes Are Present (For Example, Far From Strong Gravitational Fields). This Can Be Seen As The So-Called "Dark Energy". Dark Energy Drives The Accelerated Expansion Of The Universe Now Observed.

Space Contracts When:

1) The Photon Holes Are Filled By Photons Of Identical Energy. Particle Decay And Gravity Are Common Examples. See The Author's Other "Quantum Space" Texts At The Links Below For A More Detailed Description.

2) A Given Quantity Of Space Contracts When A Photon Hole's Negative Attraction In The Space Foam Dominate (And Outnumber) Grid Vibrations. Gravity May, Therefore, Have A Dampening Effect Upon The Space-Grid (The Electromagnetic Field). Commonly, Contraction Occurs In Gravitational Fields As Well As In Lines Of Electromagnetic Force. See The "GTR" Text At The Link Below For More Information. Contraction May Cause Accumulated Gravitational Energy To Exit The Universe.

If, as defined here, the expansion of space (the Cosmological Constant) is positive if:

I) Energies Of Space-Grid Vibrations / Energies Of Negative Photon Hole Grid Attraction > 1

In the above case I, the Universe expands and at an accelerated rate. This is where our Universe is currently. This is the "dark energy" scenario. The more the Universe expands, the more dark energy is produced. According to the latest red-shift calculations with Type Ia supernovas, the recession velocity is equal to 60 percent of the speed of light (Goldsmith, 2000).

Presently, the number of photon's being emitted is vastly greater than that being absorbed, hence, the space foam is now stretching. This outward force on the Cosmos is thought to be the so-called "dark energy", the force due to the dominance of vacuum photons on the large scale. Where does this added energy come from?

Stephen Hawking and others have noted that the energy fabricated by the Big Bang that began the Universe is simply energy borrowed from gravity. Thus, the energy of the Universe is exactly zero i.e., Gravitational Potential + Mass/Energy = 0. So, now we see that even more energy may be being borrowed from gravity to drive the accelerated expansion. Dark energy may, therefore, be energy acquired from gravitational potential.

The overall dominance of photons in the space foam mix over gravity takes place because gravity (and missing mass i.e., dark matter) cannot halt the expansion. Even if one considers (as in other texts) that photon holes (in the space foam) are equivalent to matter and that this is the dark matter, there does not appear to be enough of this to halt the present expansion.

Analysis of the supernova data shows that the likeliest value for Omega (mass) minus the Omega (Cosmological Constant) is - 0.4 (Goldsmith, 2000). Hence, there is not near the amount of matter needed to halt the present expansion by about 40 percent in the Cosmological Term's favor! There is just not enough mass (missing, dark or otherwise) in the Universe to force its closure. Moreover, in the future, mass and its gravitational effects can be ignored completely. Therefore, it must be the case that gravity is not the dominant force in the Universe, but the Cosmological Constant is!

If the Cosmological Constant does indeed widely fluctuate, this may be the primary mechanism for determining whether or not the Universe expands or contracts (or, as is proposed here, oscillates between the two). Gravity, although mentioned in (and factored into) this numerical ratio, must be a lesser overall factor than the much greater effect of new space fabrication and the stretching of existing space via the ratio of vacuum photons and photon holes. In this case, gravity is simply too weak to halt the cumulative fabrication of new space (through photon emission) by the galaxies.

II) If: Energies Of Space-Grid Vibrations / Energies Of Negative Photon Hole Grid Attraction = 1, then, the Cosmological Term becomes exactly zero.

In the above case II, space in the Universe no longer expands. It should be noted that in this case, in an expanding Universe, a zero Cosmological Term still may slow the Universe to an eventual stop. This is because space may not continue to stretch when total grid vibration and photon hole negative attraction are equal and no new space (on balance) is being spontaneously being fabricated.

Quantum space foam (photon holes mixed with radiation), must have electromagnetic characteristics, be a negative pressure and, therefore, may be greatly elastic. However, electromagnetic forces may be unleashed in space and resist stretching beyond certain limits when vibrations and negative hole attraction become balanced.

III) If: Energies Of Space-Grid Vibrations / Energies Of Negative Photon Hole Grid Attraction < 1, then, the Cosmological Term becomes negative.

In the above case III, there is a contraction of space--space collapses-in on itself. The Universe is contracting; a negative Cosmological Term. This generally happens when photon emission by galaxies slows and photon hole attraction begin to overpower vibrations. As the Universe expands, new photon holes in the radiation background may begin to appear (when the radiation background begins to thin-out creating holes) and space itself may tend to re-collapse. Since these holes do have a gravitational effect as matter does, the Cosmos may grind to a halt.

The author suggests that the gravitational energy that now may be driving expansion may lessen as the galaxies move farther apart. Thus, cracks or holes will develop in space (since little new space is being fabricated, but the Universe is still traveling outward roughly uniformly). These cracks will have a negative attraction similar to gravity and will act to slow the Universe to an eventual halt.

This may be fundamentally how the Universe stops expanding and begins its inward collapse heading toward the "Big Crunch". However, the Big Crunch never happens, because as we will see, the Universe rebounds when the Cosmological Term begins to rise (positively) again, when the Universe becomes relatively small. The holes fill-in again when the Universe become smaller causing a repulsion.

That photon holes (or cracks in space) are created by the stretching of the Cosmos far beyond the fabrication of new space foam, means essentially that photon holes as gravity lead to the Universe's eventual contraction. This view is consistent with the author's other work on gravity. Gravity, as the author pictures it, is not due to a bodies mass, but rather on a massive object's effect upon the vacuum radiation environment; and this is based primarily upon a bodies negative radiation pressure. Matter itself may be such a defect in the radiation environment, a composite mass of photon holes. See the "Matter As Photon Holes" link below for a further description.

Cosmological Constant Causes A Bounce And A Return To Expansion

When the Universe cools and the stars contained within the galaxies slowly burnout, the light they emit will eventually fade. At this point, the balance of photon production will become less and less leaning evermore toward contraction. The stretching of the Universe will create more holes than photons. The Universe will then halt its expansion by the increased production of photon holes i.e., similar to matter, and it may fall-back in on-itself. If matter is defined as photon holes (as the author has proposed), new bits of matter are, therefore, fabricated. This collapse will be due to the gravitational effects of the new mass from the creation of holes in the Universe.

Does this mean that since the Universe is accelerating, that the age of galaxies is just beginning? Since matter may be photon holes and the stretching of the Cosmos is only increasing, will this cause even more holes in the fabric of space; more matter to appear? Will we, therefore, see even more galaxies in the future pop into existence to put a halt to the expansion? If so, might it be that the more that space stretches, the more that holes in the fabric will appear to stop the expansion?

After the Cosmos halts, the Universe may then rush to the Big Crunch. However, the Big Crunch in this view will not actually take place, because as the Universe collapses, the Cosmological Constant may begin to rise again in a positive direction. Why?

This is because although there are relatively fewer photons (space-grid vibrations) at the time of contraction being emitted by the galaxies, the matter (as photon holes) that were fabricated to halt the Cosmos begin to vanish again during contraction (the holes fill-in) and the grid-vibrations begin anew when the inwardly collapsing matter heats up--the photon hole attraction weighs again in favor of grid vibrations (and photons).

Due to the relative reduction of photon holes within the quantum foam structure of holes mixed with ordinary radiation, the ordinary photons are now beginning to vastly outnumber the photon holes. Hence, the space foam itself becomes repulsive again when the Universe becomes relatively small.

In addition, all this gravitational potential energy that is now being borrowed to accelerate the Universe may get paid back! The result of this is an absorption of gravitational energy by matter during the contracting phase that may tend to contribute heat, pressure and energy to this matter. So, when gravitational potential energy is absorbed by the incoming matter as the Universe collapses, the effect may be anti-gravitational; and the Cosmological Term may rise again! The anti-gravitational force consists of accumulated energy in the vacuum and an outward force on all of the inwardly collapsing matter on each other. Thus, the Universe may bounce and begin a new re-expansion a when the Cosmological Constant rises again.

Moreover, the nearer these galaxies come to each other, the more the matter that was cooled-down within the galaxies begins once again to heat-up. The force of compression within the galaxies causes friction and heating between the material molecules composing them. Hence, both friction and the Universe's compression (both leading to an increased amount of photon emissions) may cause also the Cosmological Term to once again rise and become positive.

The quantum vacuum may also again become highly turbulent and active at this time, perhaps, spontaneously emitting photons and raising the Cosmological Constant. This may also be due to the absorption of gravitational energy by matter.

Space, therefore, again becomes repulsive through new photon emission, hole reduction and gravitational energy acquisition. The Universe will then "bounce" when it becomes small enough, perhaps, the size of an ordinary galaxy. This size is admittedly only the author's rough estimate.

The Universe may contract to, perhaps, the "era of decoupling", the separation of matter from radiation (the place and time also when matter again heats-up and begins to emit photons creating new space). This is the primary reason that we now measure the cosmic microwave background in the present-day Universe, an ancient relic of this radiation from the decoupling era.

It is interesting to note that while in the cosmic background radiation that Omega (mass) + Omega (Cosmological Constant) = approximately zero, but based upon the present supernova observations, the same calculation yields - 0.4, the balance in favor of the Cosmological Term (Goldsmith, 2000). Hence, during the photon decoupling era, the Universe was essentially on the "knife-edge" between expansion and gravitational collapse.

However, when the galaxies began to form and light-up (quite some time later), the new photons dumped into the space foam forced an accelerated expansion and the - 0.4 result. The very high red-shift of this (once high energy) radiation also took place via the stretching of wavelengths resulting from the new space fabrication by galaxies.

Since matter (in the author's view) is equivalent to photon holes, it might be understood that galaxies essentially are cracks in the fabric of the space foam; regions that have stretched faster than the production of new space will allow (and beyond the ability of that amount of space to stretch). Thus, matter (or holes) form in the relatively weak regions of space that when stretched, crack open to reveal holes in space (photon holes) which have the identical characteristics we associate with matter. The so-called "Great Wall" of galaxies might be understood as weaker regions of space where matter has accumulated. See the "Matter As Photon Holes" text for further information about photon holes and matter.

It can be further be understood that the future proposed satellites designed to measure the cosmic microwave background in greater detail are observing only the Cosmos of the past, when the Cosmological term was essentially equal to zero (during the decoupling era). As the present supernova data clearly shows, this is not now the case and the cosmological constant, therefore, fluctuates! Thus, the examination of the microwave background tells us next to nothing about the present inflation era.

Following this line of logic, it might be envisioned that there is essentially no Big Crunch (when the Universe collapses inward), despite the quite powerful inward tug of gravity at this time--the compression of space foam (the reduction of holes and emission of photons into the space foam) may be the overwhelmingly dominant force here! It's ironic that the gravitational collapse inward (the payback of gravitational potential to matter) may be the force that contributes most to the re-expansion of the Universe. Therefore, when the Universe becomes small again, the Cosmological Term and the expansion of space both become large and force a re-expansion. A new Big Bang is born by the renewed expansion of quantum space foam and the return of gravitational energy to incoming matter.

The Universe, therefore, may be an oscillating system controlled by a fluctuating Cosmological Constant. Contrary to what is presently believed by astronomers, the present quantity of matter in the Universe does not control its fate. The factor that does have the greatest impact on the future was called by Einstein his "biggest blunder", the mistake that seemingly wont go away. This is for good reason! Despite the now runaway Universe, the Cosmos may eventually come to a halt and collapse inward to begin a new cycle. New matter may be fabricated by the creation of photon holes and cease the expansion. The fluctuating Cosmological Term, therefore, may govern every aspect of the oscillating Universe system, and may well be the key to understanding both the future of the Cosmos as well as its past.

The Difficulties With This Model

There are two key difficulties with this model based upon recent observations:

1) The Accelerated Expansion Of The Universe Problem: This is solved by the so-called "dark energy" solution. This dark energy, however, appears to violate any notion of energy conservation in the Universe. For example, the more that space expands, the more that energy as a percentage of volume is added to that expanded space. The author personally does not believe that the mechanism he has provided for space expansion in this text is capable of that degree of accelerated expansion. Actually, this is not completely clear. Therefore, this piece of observational data may be a difficulty with this model.

2) The Halting The Accelerated Universe Problem: This is a problem only if one believes in the oscillating Universe scenario. The Universe appears to be running away with itself and at an increasing rate. So, how to stop it! The only way that the author sees around this dilemma is to fill the Universe with lots of gravitational mass at the right time (that must be created out of nothing) to halt the expansion. In this model, that can only take place if space itself is forced to crack open creating radiation voids (similar to wormholes or photon holes) that have their own strong gravitational attractions. The Universe then grinds to a halt with the required mass to accomplish this. The author even speculates that galaxies are such cracks in space. However, the author does not actually prefer this solution and wishes he had a better one. More pondering may be required.

Conclusion

This "closed" oscillating Universe model proposes the following probable consequences:

1) The Cosmological Term controls the fate of the Universe. It essentially closes the Universe.

2) The Cosmological Constant is a function of the ratio of grid vibrations to the negative photon hole attraction in the Cosmos. Gravity may have a dampening effect on the space grid.

3) It follows that brighter galaxies emit more photons than do dim galaxies. Hence, space expands more as a result of brighter galaxies than dimmer ones.

4) The environment surrounding galaxies may churn-up the quantum vacuum leading, perhaps, to the spontaneous fabrication of photon holes, the components of space foam.

5) Despite the now runaway Universe, the Cosmos is closed (and will be forcibly so) by the fabrication of photon holes (equivalent to the effects of matter) when Cosmos stretches too much and the galaxies dim reducing the emission of photons.

6) There is no Big Crunch, but the Universe rebounds when the Cosmological Constant rises positively again. Perhaps, the Cosmos may bounce when it is the size of a typical galaxy.

7) Quantum space is an electromagnetic phenomenon.

8) Quantum space is relatively orderly and uniform except near matter where it clumps i.e., gravitational fields.

9) Imbalances (such as in # 8) in otherwise relatively uniform quantum space are forces.

10) The numbers of galaxies may increase to cease the expansion of the Cosmos. Galaxies may be cracks in the space foam caused by too much stretching in a weak region of the space grid. Such cracks may be equivalent to photon holes or matter. As such, photon holes contain ordinary gravitation and behave in all ways as matter does.

11) The gravitational potential that is now driving the accelerated expansion of the Universe, will be one of the contributing forces (when this energy leaves the Universe) for the Universe's rebound and re-expansion.

Relevant Links

Quantum Space: http://www.johnkharms.com/space.htm

Quantum Space And The General Theory Of Relativity: http://www.johnkharms.com/GTR.htm

Matter As Photon Holes: http://www.johnkharms.com/matter.htm

The Space-Grid: http://www.johnkharms.com/grid.htm

Gravity: http://www.johnkharms.com/gravitation.htm

Cosmic Inflation (The Open Universe Proposal): http://www.johnkharms.com/inflation.htm

Go To HOME

References

Goldsmith, D., 2000, The Runaway Universe, Perseus Books, Cambridge, Massachusetts, P. 10, 49, 67, 83, 91, 199

Reader's Note: Proper References And/Or Acknowledgments To This Text Are Appreciated.