Matter As Photon Holes

Note To The Reader: This Text Was Written By The Author Primarily With The Particle Physicist In Mind. The Author Hopes That Such Persons Will Clearly See The Simplicity And Elegance Of The Conception; Enough To Further Develop It. This Model Is Also Closely Related To Author's Previous Work On "Quantum Space" The Initial "Quantum Space" Text Can Be Viewed At: http://www.johnkharms.com/space.htm . The Text Below Is Primarily The Particle Approach; The Wave Picture Involving Photon Holes As Matter Can Be Viewed At: http://www.johnkharms.com/grid.htm . The Mirror-Image Of This Text Is "Antimatter" Located At: http://www.johnkharms.com/antimatter.htm . An Important Text To Read Also Is Photon Holes Are Neutrinos At: http://www.johnkharms.com/neutrino-holes.htm .

Matter As Composite "Photon Hole" Structures And The Simplest Gravity Model

Matter's Deeper Structure---An Extended Standard Model---Alternative To Supersymmetry And Superstrings

Two Particles And Two Fundamental Forces In The Universe

Dark Matter And The Deeper Mass/Energy Connection

What Is Electrical Charge?

Is David Bohm's Universe Realized?

The Earth As A Matter Wave System

By: John K. Harms

Email: harmsjk3@earthlink.net

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Updated: Mid June, 2003

Further Updated: Early March, 2005

Abstract:

This model is an "extended" standard model proposal. It proposes that matter is a clump of photon holes. Unique to this conception, it can be shown that gravity automatically follows from this proposal--the simplest gravity model the author has conceived. Matter, space (and space foam) and the gravitational field become clearly defined by this model. As in other texts, the curvature of space can be understood as an increase in the density of photon holes surrounding a piece of matter. A new level of the structure of matter is proposed that basically extends the present standard model of elementary particles. In this deeper picture, there are only two particles (photons and gluons) acted upon by two forces (electromagnetism and the strong force). Again, all matter is pictured as being composed of unique configurations of photon holes (the absence of photons). This can be mathematically described as - E = - mc^2. Hence, the matter/energy connection can be better understood when matter is considered a mass of negative mass/energy photon holes; a definitive reason for the validity of this picture. The physical characteristics of matter particles are compared to the probable properties of photon holes and a quite close match can be demonstrated. If the Higgs mechanism is eventually found to be in-error by experimentalists, the "matter as photon holes" model may be a suitable alternative. How particles gain-mass as they approach the speed-of-light, as well as fabricate new particles is described well by this model. This model might be pictured not only as an alternative to supersymmetry, but also to the theory of superstrings. As in other works, the sources in the Cosmos of the fabrication of photon holes are discussed. Electric charge is explained well by the model as is dark matter, an indication that this "extension" proposal may be on the right track. Color, particle decay, new particle fabrication and particle spin are also explained in-terms of this model. David Bohm's picture of the wholeness of the particles in the Universe might be suggested by this model. The Earth as a matter wave system is proposed in this text. The probable consequences of this model are also discussed.

Key Words: Gravity, Photon Holes, Photons, Space Foam, Electromagnetism, The Strong Force, Particle Decay, Spontaneous Particle Generation, Color, Electric Charge, The Higgs Mechanism, Dark Matter, Supersymmetry, Superstrings, Spin, Antimatter, David Bohm, Wholeness,

Introduction

In the past, the author has performed only a limited quantity of work in the area of particle physics. This text changes that by proposing a new standard model, a deeper investigation into the structure and composition of the matter in the Cosmos. In this picture, it is proposed that the zero-mass force-carrying particles called photons and gluons are the fundamental particles that drive the Universe. Matter is pictured here as a composition of the absence of photons (known as photon holes) forming all the particles in the Cosmos.

The suggestion that matter is a composition of photon holes leads to the simplest possible gravity model. Indeed, this model needs no complex mechanisms as to how gravity arises--it follows automatically from previous work. In the past fifteen years, the author has explored many different models and approaches involving gravity as a radiation "void" within matter. It can be understood that the simplest overall model possible is that matter is the void! Hence, matter can be understood to be (or is a composite structure composed of) photon holes. That is the essence of the model explored by this text.

Matter As A Composite Of Photon Holes And A Simple Gravity Model

At first glance, this model might seem somewhat at-odds with previous work where the author was claiming that "space" is photon holes. However, these ideas can all fit rather neatly together by using the following definitions and distinctions of matter and its relationship to space:

1) Matter-- Composed Of A Dense Photon Hole Structure Clumped Together (Lumps In The Quantum Space Foam Described In # 2) In A Unique Stable Combination. These Lumps Are Largely Devoid Of Background Radiation As This Matter Tends To Mostly Block (Or Absorb) Radiation. Within The Matter Itself, However, There Is Little Radiation, But Only Its Absence.

2) Space-- A Uniform Mix Of Photon Holes And Radiation; A Type Of Space-Foam (Or Quantum Foam); A Grid-Like Structure. When It Is Uniformly Distributed, These Space Particles Have An In-Built Tendency To Expand. This Expansion Is Described In Other Texts Concerning "Quantum Space". See The Links Below.

3) Gravitational Fields-- Surrounding All Pieces Of Matter; An Increased Density (A Non-uniform Density) Of Photon Holes (Verses Photons) Within The Quantum-Foam Mix As In # 2 Above. Thus, As One Approaches A Piece Of Matter, The Density Of Photon Holes In The Mix May Increase. This Can Be Understood As Being Identical To Dark Matter.

Hence, matter is a lump in the quantum foam mix (in # 2 above) and gravity is an increasing density of photon holes in the quantum mix in close proximity to the lumps of photon hole matter. Therefore, matter can be viewed as compressed space; space is diffuse matter.

If one assumes as in other texts that the density of photon holes equals the curvature of that space i.e., bodies that pass through that space experience a curvature in their paths, then a quantum-based general relativistic model can be constructed. This essentially is the proposal in the "Quantum Space And General Relativity" text at the link below.

To briefly summarize the "General Relativity" text, this concept may be expressed as an axiom:

Axiom A: --The Increasing Density Of Space Particles Within The Quantum Foam Is Equivalent To An Increasing Curvature Of Space. Hence, The Increasing Density Of Space Particles (As Photon Holes) Is Directly Proportional To The Curvature Of The Same Space. There Is Only A Curvature When An Imbalance Of Density Exists From Place To Place. This Curvature Is Equivalent To Dark Matter Surrounding A Body, Hence, Space Itself Has Its Own Weight.

It can then be understood that matter, being a composition of photon holes, is itself also a curvature of space. Based upon this conclusion, the author hopes to demonstrate that if one accepts matter itself as a clump (or an aggregate "lump"-- or a non-uniformity of background space foam) of photon holes, then gravity automatically follows--it can be implied. The author's previous works on gravity have been primarily a building process up to this point. Regarding gravity, the simplest overall model is that all matter is composed of photon holes--a composite structure. Compared to previous "negative radiation pressure" models proposed by the author, this model is without a doubt the simplest formulation of gravity (in the author's opinion) that can be derived.

To shortly summarize the author's other work on gravity; if the density of photon holes is non-uniformly distributed throughout space, there can be an imbalance (similar to air pressure systems in the Earth's atmosphere) and photon holes will attract other photon holes. Matter is, therefore, a location in space where photon holes clump [and matter is a clump (or lump) of photon holes] causing an imbalance (and a non-uniformity) of the radiation in the vacuum. As mentioned above, space curvature is the result of the imbalance of photon hole density.

Photon holes as stated in Axiom A above, equate to curvature and curvature only exists when photon holes clump and cause a non-uniformity of vacuum radiation. Hence, the density of photon holes tend to accumulate around a piece of matter (which is itself an accumulated clump of photon holes).

Matter, therefore, creates a field around it of photon holes at an increased density (as compared to, for example, in-between the galaxies in the larger Universe where the quantum space-foam may be relatively uniformly mixed). If a non-uniformity in photon hole density exists, then an increase in curvature must automatically follow (as stated in Axiom A above). This connects at the level of particles, the general relativistic and quantum-based pictures, essentially unifying them.

Photon Holes As Fundamental Building Blocks And Deeper Structure

If photon holes are the fundamental building blocks of all the matter in the Universe, then the vast complexity of six quarks, their antiparticles and different color charges etc., is not necessary to make sense out of present observations. As has been noted by many particle physicists, the standard model as it presently stands is simply too complicated!

If the standard model is extended to a somewhat deeper level, photon holes at different energies can be understood to compose all of the matter in the Universe. The standard model can then be extended and made much more simple--the idea is basically straightforward; all matter (stable or otherwise) is composed of subunits of the more fundamental "particles" known as photon holes. At the fundamental level, matter is, therefore, an absence of vacuum radiation -- a non-uniformity.

Hence, it is proposed by this model that there is yet a deeper layer of structure not able to be detected by present particle accelerators. Let us briefly examine these layers:

Level # 3-- (Circa; 1960's) Protons, Neutrons, Electrons And Literally Hundreds Of Assorted And Newly Discovered Particles i.e., The Particle Zoo.

Level # 2-- (Circa; 1980's) Theory Proposed That All Matter Is Composed Of Six Quarks Plus Leptons (Electrons, Neutrinos, Muons etc.).--Still Too Complicated!

Level # 1-- (As Proposed By This Text; A New And Extended Level Of Structure)--All Matter Particles In Level # 2 (But Excluding Photons And Gluons) Are Composed Of Various Energies Of Collective (Composite And Lumpy) Structures Of Photon Holes; The Absence Of Radiation.

It is notable that the new Level # 1 does not reject the rules of the present standard model (such as color charge and particle formation and composition etc.) as understood in Level # 2, but incorporates these rules into a bigger overall picture where particles are fundamentally composite photon hole entities. Essentially, this amounts to an extended standard model.

Hence, similar to the breaking of symmetries by a heated magnet, at higher energies the picture becomes fundamentally simpler. At lower energies at level # 2, there are the rules for color charge and the three "families" of particles of the present standard theory, but at higher energies these rules and distinctions all blur and simplicity dominates (at level # 1) with only two fundamental forces and particles. Also, it may be possible at these higher energies that the strong force unifies with the electromagnetic force, leaving essentially only photons and photon holes (matter). This may indeed be possible.

Therefore, quarks and leptons (all particles with mass) are essentially composite structures of photon holes, subtractions from vacuum energy. Similar to the nucleus of an heavy atom such as Radium, many photon hole "particles" are packed tightly-together in very close quarters in a piece of matter such as a quark. Perhaps, thousands to millions of negative energy photon holes make up an ordinary Up-quark.

So, particles are not vibrations on a string (as in superstrings), but the vibratory motions of quantum defects (holes) in space. Hence, matter is essentially a negative energy defect in the fabric of space. One can understand from this the intimate link between space, matter and energy. As is mentioned subsequently, an excited particle is caused by the vibratory motions of these millions of holes (in stable configurations) that compose a piece of matter.

(Added Mid-June 2004) "Pieces of matter can be viewed, thus, as probabilistic potentialities in our realm, but literally as photon holes in Kant's "noumenal" realm. The author has performed extensive research and writing on the Kantian model on this Website. See his other writings as well. So, photon holes compose the actual objects that surround us in our everyday World. But, the holes exist as quantum propensities in our actualized world, the World of our sense organs.

Gravity can be seen to transcend the noumenal existence to exist in both realms. So, gravity comes from the things-in-themselves, the primary reason its cause is so illusive. The collapse of a star into a black hole singularity leaves only gravity behind, when the phenomenal aspect of the object exits our phenomenal Universe. While the object still exists always within the noumenal realm, phenomenally speaking it no longer is present. The only evidence for its presence is gravity. "

In subatomic particles such as (for example) a quark, these thousands to millions of photon holes (as shown below) are packed tightly-together in a particular arrangement and composition unique only to quarks. This is a distinct arrangement of characteristic energies of photon holes that narrowly defines the physical qualities of the particular quark.

As shown above in image # 1, the same is true for leptons i.e., electrons, muons, neutrinos etc.. Leptons are composed of the same photon hole building blocks (but at a somewhat different configuration) as quarks.

Note in image # 1 above that the differences between quarks and leptons is arbitrarily portrayed as triangular and circular shapes; these differences above are purely for pictorial purposes and to demonstrate that quarks and leptons are considered quite different families of particles by physicists, but in actuality may be closely-linked because they are composed of the same more fundamental photon hole constituents. Do remember that this description is noumenally speaking only (as described above).

Furthermore, these arrangement are inherently stable in-that they do not rapidly decay. In addition, all Up-quarks (for example) are essentially the same, meaning that they have an identical configuration and collective energy of photon holes composing them. The decay of these particles only takes place when there are precisely equal but opposite photons in the radiation background which can cancel the structural components of the matter particle. In stable particles, therefore, no background photon wavelengths must exist at these precise cancellation energies.

Thusly, photon holes form primarily stable ratios of the various quarks and leptons. Quarks in-turn compose the higher order protons and neutrons and other particles as described by the standard theory. The rules of color charge do still apply at the quark and lepton Level # 2 above--so, the predictions of the standard model must still apply at this level.

It can be understood via symmetrical analysis that while photon holes may compose ordinary matter, antimatter may be composed of ordinary photons. It, thus, appears quite plausible that the inherent instability of this arrangement may be one reason for the apparent rarity of antimatter in the Cosmos! In addition, while matter as photon holes may automatically have ordinary gravitation (a radiation void), antimatter if composed of photons may push outward via positive radiation pressure. Antimatter, may, therefore, tend to have an anti-gravitational effect on nearby matter. More about this idea subsequently in this text and also in the "Space-Grid" text at the link below.

It is notable that the strong force which binds the photon holes in place has its own model based upon the relatively new (as of June 2002) phenomenon of "oscillons". This experimental discovery concerning oscillons was made at the University of Texas. So, the author has his own model for the strong force involving the attraction of photon holes with each other. More about this proposal in the "Oscillon" text at the link below.

In the same way that particular atomic nuclei such as protons (composed of quarks) are stable and do not rapidly decay, electrons are also inherently stable. Again, there is inherent stability because there are no available background radiation wavelengths to cancel-out (or fill-in) the photon hole components of a stable electron or any other stable particle.

Other particles such as muons (as seen below) rapidly decay by the canceling-out of the photon holes that compose them (causing fundamentally a structural collapse of the particle) by background photons. To picture this decay process, photons fill-in photon holes of identical energies in the particle's integrated structure. This can be understood in the image # 2 below:

The muon structure collapses rapidly as there are available photons in the background that cancel-out vitally important holes in the muon's structure. During the transition to new particles, the photon hole constituents may scatter. The final stage (which takes place very rapidly) is the formation of an electron + a neutrino and an anti-neutrino from the photon hole constituents (that were previously constituents of the muon). It should be noted that this is only one possible decay scenario for the muon. However, there are still others.

The measured electrical charge of the muon may be in violation of calculations based upon the standard model and might suggest (as is proposed by this text) that the muon is composed of subunits (Weiss, 2001). It might also be mentioned that the recent experiments demonstrating the surprise result that electrons can be split-up into segment-like entities may be consistent with and explained well by this photon hole model.

It is also notable that in this new layer of structure (in level # 1 above) that there are essentially only two forces at work. Qualitatively, one can fabricate an extended and more simplified standard theory of elementary particles by picturing all matter as composite structures of photon holes acted upon by two forces; the strong force and electromagnetism. Gravity and the weak force are pictured purely as aspects (or characteristics) of electromagnetism.

Again, this may apply only to ordinary matter. Antimatter may be composed of photons and, therefore, has somewhat different laws for its internal configurations.

Only Two Particles And Their Associated Forces

This vastly deeper probe into fundamental particle physics may be the ultimately in simplicity, as there are only two particles in the Universe. They are the "force-carrying" particles (or bosons) associated with electromagnetism and the strong force:

1) Photons--The Carrier Of The Electromagnetic Force

2) Gluons--The Carrier Of The Strong Force

The third particle, "matter", (as mentioned previously) is pictured by this model as being composed of the "absence" of photons. So, technically speaking, matter (a lump of photon holes in the background) are not actually particles in the strictest sense of the word, but the absence of photon particles--defects in the fabric of quantum space. Symmetrically speaking, the relationship of matter with radiation can be understood as:

Photons + Photon Holes = 0

Or, equivalently: Photons + Matter = 0 (matter of an identical wavelength can cancel radiation)

Henceforth, the conclusion can be ascertained that: Photon Holes = Matter

This proposal is in complete agreement with the author's previous work on gravity, color as well as particle decay (which will be discussed subsequently). See also the "Interesting Symmetries" text, at the link below for further information along these lines.

In this model, it is not possible at present to visualize how to unify the strong and the electromagnetic interactions. Perhaps, the strong force is some sort of unusual side-effect of matter as photon holes (perhaps, the attractive power of photon holes at very close-range), but to say this is even a bit too speculative for this author. The strong force would then be an aspect of electromagnetic forces. However, this suggestion is not as yet clear enough to elaborate upon further. Over time, perhaps, this connection may become more easily recognized and somewhat less cloudy.

Considering the above symmetries, it can be understood that matter and photons are opposites. So, they may cancel each other when the wavelengths are identical. Or equivalently, a photon can fall-into a photon hole and cancel it. In the context of particle spin polarization, matter and photons have precisely opposite spins and, therefore, cancel-out each other when there is an interaction. Thus, these three pictures of reality are all very similar and are equally valid descriptions of this proposal.

Particle spin can be pictured as:

A Right-Handed Spin Particle + A Left-Handed Spin Particle = 0

Thus, despite the fact that different types of particles have different spins, the overall spin of the particles in the Cosmos must sum to zero. More about particle spin subsequently.

What Is Matter, Really?

If one takes seriously what the author is proposing in this text, one might ask the following questions: Since a photon hole is the absence of something (a photon), how can it actually be anything? And, isn't matter solid?

To address these questions and others related to matter, one must essentially prove that a photon hole has the characteristics we now widely associate with matter. That is to say, if there are actual photon holes, it must be logically deducible that a photon hole would provide us with an identical perception to that of an actual material substance i.e., of a piece of matter. Hence, a photon hole and a piece of matter must be shown to be essentially identical in their behavior.

With this in mind, the characteristics of matter in-association with photon holes are as follows:

1) The Inertial Effects Of Matter --The forward-shift of the mass of photon holes (the center-of-mass shifts forward) in the direction of motion. This is equivalent to the forward-shift of the gravitational field of a body and it may indeed be possible for photon holes to have this characteristic. This idea was quite extensive and required its own text. See the "Inertia" text at the link below for further details.

2) The Gravitational Effects Of Matter --Photon holes have gravity by definition. A radiation void (which is what a photon hole is!) must have its own gravity. The bending of light by gravity could be pictured as radiation being attracted to where it is absent--a radiation void or photon hole. More about this in either of the "Gravity" texts at the links below.

3) The Pauli Exclusion Principle --Two matter particles cannot occupy the same quantum-state (a combination of their position and velocity) at the same time. Thus, it must also be true that photon holes also obey the exclusion principle. What we call matter (or space, as the author views it either) could not be possible without the exclusion principle. And, matter would appear to be solid, because the matter that composes a person's hand could not pass through any other pieces of matter.

Electromagnetic forces in the clumps of photon holes making up one's hand or body would repel other pieces of matter providing the illusion of solidity. Indeed, the author's proposal of space foam (as described previously) should also collapse in-on-itself without the repulsive effects of the exclusion principle. Hence, it must be true that while photons may pass through each other, photon holes simply cannot.

Thusly, a complete gravitational collapse (for example, into a black hole) may be pictured as the "forced" overlapping of photon holes into one super-dense and very minute photon hole with a very strong gravitational attraction. This may possibly be the essence of the singularity within a black hole; a photon hole of absolutely purity i.e., completely devoid of any radiation and having very strong gravity. A complete gravitational collapse to a black hole might be pictured and understood in this manner. And as discussed above, this dense hole or void would be associated with a tremendous amount of space curvature.

4) The Notable Effects Of Matter Upon Incident Radiation --It is not inconceivable that a photon hole would have a significant effect upon incoming radiation. Hence, the bending of light in a gravitational field (as mentioned above in # 2) is just such an effect. Photon holes as matter may explain the rather complex interactions of matter with radiation presently observed. For example, if this incident radiation is in the visible range of the spectrum, such effect might be seen as color. More about color and photon holes below. Or, see the "Color" text for a complete description of this idea at the link below.

As described above, the interactions of photon holes with photons of radiation may overall be a quite complicated state of affairs. Matter, viewed in the context of photon holes, may explain why matter in its interaction with radiation behaves in such a strange manner as is presently observed. Matter as a lump of photon holes may, therefore, agree with the presently observed behavior of matter in most all situations.

For example, particle spin may be pictured as a characteristic of the configurations of photon hole components that compose each type of particle. This is analogous to the chemical properties of each atom being attributed to the configuration of electrons in the electron clouds surrounding each atom. Hence, the particle spins of 0, 1, 2 or 1/2 are due in this idea to the makeup of the mix of photon holes and their associated negative energies. Each spin, therefore, has its own unique hole energies and configurations. Thus, by assuming that matter is a condensed region of photon holes (a defect in space) may go along way in explaining and understanding the presently observed behavior and characteristics of matter.

The Mass/Energy Connection

Since mass is composed of photon holes and equivalent to negative energy and pressure, it can be understood that Einstein's equation: E = mc^2 can be rewritten equivalently as - E = - mc^2. So, a photon hole is not only negative energy, it is negative mass.

One can understand this relationship with the following logic:

(A) Matter (Photon Holes) + Photons = 0

Or similarly as: Negative Energy + Positive Energy = 0

Hence, matter as negative energy photon holes, can be understood (same as above) as: - E = - mc^2, or equivalently in (B) as: - E + mc^2 = 0.

Photons, which are positive energy, can be viewed as: E = mc^2, or also equivalently in (C) as: E - mc^2 = 0.

Therefore, one can construct the equation from the logic of A above that:

B + C = 0, or by substitution that:

- E + mc^2 + E - mc^2 = 0

Which reduces after cancellations to:

0 = 0

This provides at least some mathematical backing for the idea that matter is negative energy and gives the equations that govern the negative matter/energy exchange. This equation also may demonstrate the mathematical relationship of matter with radiation and precisely how they can be essentially opposites.

If one closely analyzes matter as being photon holes, the concept in essence "bridges the gap" demonstrating an intimate relationship between matter, energy and space, because matter itself is described and can be defined as the absence of a photon. It can, therefore, be understood not only that the equation E = mc^2 must be completely valid, but also why it must be the case. Special relativity does not provide the essential reason why! The why is the proposal given here.

So, a photon hole could not exist without an associated and contrasting energy background in the vacuum and it is a hole in this energy that is matter by definition. Thusly, by adopting this conception as true, the apparent separation of matter with energy appears to vanish. Henceforth, in the spirit of Einstein, the proposal that photon holes are what we think of as matter and space, may be yet another type of (if qualitative only) unification of matter, energy and space.

The Higgs Fields

The previously mentioned characteristics of matter in the standard theory may come about as the result of the Higgs mechanism. In a mathematically consistent standard model, all matter has essentially no mass at all, but particles obtain mass by interacting with the Higgs field and swallowing Higgs bosons--the quanta associated with the Higgs field. To the author, this is very risky and quite unlikely physics indeed, and many notables in the physics field have gone on the record as being in agreement with this assessment.

To the author, there are essentially only two possibilities. Either there are no Higgs bosons and associated fields and it is the photon holes alone that give particles the "characteristics" of mass, or the Higgs mechanism acts exclusively on all photon holes basically giving them mass. Hence, the photon holes may themselves "act" like mass or there really is a Higgs field (and it will be discovered) and this is what gives the characteristic of mass to the clumps of photon holes (as described above).

If it does indeed turnout that there are no Higgs fields (which, in the author's opinion, it may) then an alternative model may be provided by matter's constituents being composed of photon holes. This alternative, however, does require that we gaze somewhat deeper into the structure of matter in an extension of the present standard model.

Perhaps, also, this deeper probe into matter's physical structure will require vastly higher particle energies than can be accomplished by present accelerators. Hence, the testing of this model may perhaps have to wait for more powerful collider-like machines that can probe matter at greater resolutions, perhaps, at or near the Planck scale of about 10^-33 cm (Kane, 1995). Unfortunately, these high energies will not very likely be achieved in the near future, so the lower energy predictions may have to lead the focus of investigations into this idea.

A particle accelerator is a type of microscope into the subatomic realm and bigger and more powerful machines equate to higher particle collision energies and a more accurately-tuned and detailed picture. If this deeper layer of structure could be imaged in some fashion, this would be the most desirable and direct method of testing this model.

Concerning the extension of the standard theory, there is some evidence for this position and it was noticed as early as the mid- 1970's by Howard Georgi, Helen Quinn and Steven Weinberg. Their work implied that the standard theory is embedded in a more encompassing theory, which is precisely the position proposed by this text (Kane, 1995).

Where Do Photon Holes Come From?

Photon holes may be produced (as described in other related works) as a result of three distinct processes:

1) Ordinary Photon Emission --The emission of photons may produce as a byproduct photon holes with energy - 4.14 x 10^-15 eV. This Planck derivative may be subtracted from virtual background radiation whenever ordinary photons are emitted. Photon emission may be how galaxies fabricate dark matter. Such photon holes at the negative Planck energy would be attracted to other photon holes in the gravitational field as described in previous sections. Yes, Planck energy photon holes may be an important and vital building block of matter, particularly charged particles. The creation of photon holes by ordinary photon emission is explored in greater detail in the "Photon Emission" text at the link below. Dark matter as photon holes is discussed in the "Quantum Space" text at the link below.

It is notable that electrons and other charged particles may be composed of holes with the Planck derived energy. This may be the fundamental reason for the equation E = hf. Much more about this subsequently.

2) Spontaneous Photon Emission --It can be understood that by picturing photons as the following: Photons + Photon Holes = 0, that new photons may enter the Universe as long as an equal but opposite photon hole is created for the photon to fill-in. Hence, if a photon is created spontaneously in the quantum vacuum, it must always be accompanied by a hole; a constituent of both matter and space foam. And indeed, this phenomenon may take place at any energy on the electromagnetic spectrum.

But, the energy of the Cosmos does not change as a result of spontaneous emission in the quantum vacuum, because both quantities (photons and holes) always sum to be zero. So, this process is not in violation of energy conservation. Moreover, there does not appear to be any time-limit for this process, as is normally set for virtual quanta by the uncertainty principle. However, if a photon does encounter a hole of equal but opposite (negative) energy, it may fall-in and vanish from the Universe--entirely canceled-out! This is yet another method of interpreting equation # 2 above. This arises from symmetrical logic.

By the process of spontaneous emission, it becomes understandable how new space (along with ordinary photon emission in # 1 above) and matter can become fabricated. Since the components of quantum space foam are photons and photon holes, space foam may spontaneously arise (by this process) and, perhaps, this is what forces the galaxies apart. It may, therefore, not be so surprising that this is what we now observe.

3) The Stretching Of "Weak" Space--The stretching of weak regions of space beyond its stress limits can fracture the space-grid (held together by electromagnetic forces) and, thus, punch holes in the space foam fabric. Perhaps, this may be the process of galaxy formation and the reason that galaxies tend to clump in certain regions (where the fabric is relatively weaker than in other regions). When space expands (which is what is happening currently) and there is not enough new space being fabricated via processes # 1 and # 2 above, the result may be holes in the space foam fabric--which may be the primary processes of the fabrication of new matter in the Cosmos. Hence, too much stretching may "close" the Universe by creating significant quantities of new matter. See the "Oscillating Universe" text for further details concerning this at the link below.

It can be visualized also that the spontaneous creation of photon holes (in # 2 above) may produce largely matter (of random energies) which may have an overall neutral electrical charge. And so, such electrically neutral particles of matter do not set the space foam grid into vibration (when they vibrate), hence, they do not produce radiation. Thus, ordinary photon emission (as stated above) can fabricate negative Planck energy particles which will respond to similar negative Planck energy holes in the space foam, whilst spontaneous emission may fabricate (and may form largely the components of) electrically neutral particles. As there are three different methods above of producing photons holes above (and at different possible energies), one can now understand why some particles become charged, while others are inherently electrically neutral and so do not.

Quantum space-foam (as defined above) is primarily a mix of radiation with photon holes, or precisely what can be spontaneously produced without any apparent violation of energy conservation (or by adding any new energy to the Universe). Thusly, matter (or at least its constituents) can come into being whenever photons are emitted, either spontaneously or by conventional photon emission processes. It should not be surprising, therefore, that the Cosmos may be constantly fabricating new matter, because the building blocks of matter may be everywhere increasing in number.

To digress for a moment: this might be a possible scenario for the so-called "Steady-State" model of the Cosmos. This is a model of the Universe where space appears to be expanding (exhibiting Doppler shifts etc.), but new matter is constantly filling-in between the galaxies (perhaps, via stretching). In this picture, the source of this matter fabrication (in # 1, # 2 and # 3 above) would be the same as is the source for the new space-foam generation (photons in the space foam) pushing the galaxies apart. Once again, this can be understood by the equation (same as above): Photons + Matter = 0.

Again, in this steady-state proposal, the Universe at all times contains zero energy. Hence, the Universe may come into being spontaneously or via ordinary photon emission as the Cosmos further evolves over time.

Atoms, Photon Emission And Color

Particle decay was mentioned previously as a demonstration that matter of a particular wavelength can be canceled by radiation. It can be understood that color may also be a related phenomenon. When incident visible radiation interacts with matter, the molecules that compose the matter may have the effect of the cancellation of some of the incoming wavelengths. Those wavelengths not canceled are left-remaining and are reflected; we see these visible wavelengths as color.

This may be due, in the author's proposal, to matter and radiation being naturally out-of-phase with each other. Or, as is proposed by this text, that incident radiation at particular wavelengths "falls-into" the photon hole (that is matter) and those photons that do not fall-in (to be totally canceled-out) are left-remaining and, therefore, are reflected as an object's color.

Thus, different materials have holes at different parts of the visible spectrum and are seen as different colors. Atom's vibrate when the dampening of unwanted frequencies leave remaining only the color resonance's we observe. The vibrations of our retina and further resonance's in the relevant brain regions produce the "experience" of color. See the "Brain As A Matter-Wave System" at the link below for more about the brain and the experience we call color.

Hence, what we see as a chemical element's characteristic spectrum, are holes at every part of the spectrum, except those places on the spectrum that remain. The glowing lines are, therefore, those places on the spectrum where there are not holes. Thusly, it is possible for a piece of material matter not to be composed of photon holes at particular regions on the electromagnetic spectrum. And, it is in these regions that it becomes possible to identify each chemical element.

None of this description could be possible unless matter was able to cancel-out or dampen-severely incident radiation--the visible wavelengths that interact with matter. The phenomenon we call color, as well as particle decay (as described above), are two such examples where matter and radiation do appear to dampen each other. This is the primary reason that the author insists that it is absolutely true that matter is in-essence the opposite of radiation (in its phase). Matter are composed of photon holes and radiation is composed of photons--180 degrees out of phase with each other.

Thus, pieces of matter are lumps (and defects) in the space foam medium and, therefore, are affected by the motion of the medium. For this reason, atoms do vibrate on the quantum level. This is also the reason that matter is inherently electrical and is often found to be magnetic as well. Waves in the electromagnetic space foam medium must, therefore, be equivalent to gravity waves; and there can be absolutely no distinction here. In-essence, gravity waves and electromagnetic waves are identical.

What Is Electrical Charge?

Matter, if it has an electrical charge, is a "lump" of space foam; a remnant piece of the electromagnetic field that vibrates when the field does. This is somewhat analogous to microwaves at particular frequencies vibrating the water molecules in food and heating them.

If matter and space are pictured (as is presently by physicists) as distinctly different entities, then how can the vibration of one affect the other? It is, therefore, the author's proposal (and viewpoint) that matter and space are composed of largely identical components i.e., photon holes. Matter is compressed space; space is diffuse matter. See the definitions above for more information.

Therefore, the vibration of photon holes (whether they be in-space as quantum foam or as the constituents of charged particles) may disturb the quantum foam background--the space grid. This is the emission of photons of radiation, the creation of electromagnetic waves.

Quark or electron excitation is simply the internal vibrations (and resonance's) of the constituents photon holes (billions) that compose the particle. Radiation is quantized because so are the components of charged particles, the photon holes at Planck energy minus h. Since the constituents of an electron (each photon hole) may be of the negative Planck derivative - 4.14 x 10^ -15 eV and it is these holes that essentially are in-resonance when the electron is excited, perhaps, this is the reason for the precise Planck value in the famous E = hf equation. This is the author's working hypothesis.

Thus, the electron and other charged particles are actually oscillators, resonating in units of - h, because charged particles all have as their components precise - h value components. The different energy levels of an electron are the electron's different states of constituent photon hole vibrations. The increased vibrations of photon hole constituents directly translates to higher energy levels. Conversely, antimatter is composed of photons of a + h value.

So, the states of vibration of an electron (as composite structures) occur only at discrete energies. This is analogous in wave-systems to harmonic resonance's that only reinforce each other at discrete states of oscillation. For example, a single guitar string may produce a harmonic resonance from a precisely-tuned musical tone "broadcasted" from across a room. Indeed, there may be several different discrete (specific) and widely-separated tones that will cause the string to go into resonance.

Therefore, it must be the case that the photon hole constituents in-vibration harmonically resonate discretely, and this fact is reflected in the discrete spectra common to each chemical element. Thusly, an electron excitation followed by photon emission are primarily the frequencies of electron resonance's of each atom, the vibrations of the photon hole constituents of each electron within the atom. Photon emission is essentially the downloading of this extra oscillation energy into space.

That photon holes of a common energy - h are present in both space and matter (and both vibrate in unison); this forms the essence of electrical charge. Once again, it is ordinary photon emission that can fabricate Planck energy particles which will respond to similar Planck energy holes in the space foam (and fundamentally this is electrical charge), whilst spontaneous emission may fabricate (and form the components of) the electrically neutral particles. More about neutral particles in the next section.

Electrical charge may, therefore, essentially be the interaction of matter with space where they have certain elements in common; this element being the composition of photon holes at the Planck energy - h. Moreover, it is - h value photon holes that may form the dark matter common in the gravitational fields in typical galaxies. Space, therefore, has the characteristic we call weight.

As seen in the "Photon Emission" text, these resonance's at energy - h may only allow interactions with virtual quanta of an identical energy. Hence, the emission of photons may be a kind of energy exchange from an excited electron in-resonance at a higher energy level, with a virtual quanta also at the Planck energy - h. More about this in the "Photon Emission" text at the link below.

The reason that charge is conserved and both positive and negative charge occur together equally in-pairs, is that the following equation is always obeyed: Positive Charge + Negative Charge = 0. Henceforth, when a positive charge enters the Universe, so must a negative one and vice versa. Therefore, the total electrical charge of the Cosmos must always be equal to zero.

In addition, the conservation of electrical charge requires that this always be the case. So, because the conservation of electrical charge must be true, provides the primary reason that there are two opposite electrical charges in nature. Charge may also leave the Universe in-pairs when matter and antimatter annihilate each other. This is also described by and is a consequence of the above relationship.

Opposite electrical charge may exist because the photon holes come in two varieties--positive and negative. This must be the case for antimatter as well. This may be true because of the particle-wave structure of all particles (including photon holes). The wave structure requires both opposite in-phase and out-of-phase waves. In the case of photon holes, one might call these different phases positive and negative. It is the author's hypothesis that these different phases of the photon holes are equivalent to their electrical charges. Hence, matter as photon holes comes both in positive and negative charges, so photon holes may come in two varieties--positive and negative.

When a particle is composed of "negative" photon hole constituents of energy - h, the particle has a negative charge--similar to an electron. It, therefore, can oscillate the space-grid of similar energy - h constituents. A positron (or a proton also), as one might have deduced from this conclusion, is composed largely of "positive" photon hole constituents of energy - h and can, thusly, also oscillate the space-grid; a feat that is characteristic to all charged particles.

The tubes known as force-lines may originate on positive charges and end on negative. So, these tubes are the assemblages and arrangements in-space of space foam particles end to end at particular frequencies. Thus, force lines are photon holes of particular energies densely connected together forming tube-like structures throughout space. These tubes connect positive and negative charges and may be the result of imbalances created by the conservation of electric charge (as mentioned above).

When opposite charges come into being in-pairs, an imbalance is then created that can only be brought into balance again when the particle energies are precisely equal i.e., when matter meets antimatter and there is annihilation. Force lines (and all forces in-general) may be the result of these ongoing imbalances. Gravity can also be pictured this way; the constant imbalance of vacuum radiation pressure (due to the presence of photon holes).

When a new negatively-charged particle is spontaneously fabricated in-space out of the Planck energy - h constituents (an energy also common to the space-grid), a positively-charged particle must accompany it. Once again, charge happens as a result of a particle's constituent energies matching that of the space-grid. Thus, when a charged particle is set into oscillation, so also is the space-grid. Therefore, the vibration of an electron also sets the electron's force-lines in-space into vibration. Henceforth, waves take place in the electromagnetic field, which essentially are the characteristics of the space itself.

Neutral Charges

These ideas applied to neutral charge can be pictured in this way. A charge has a neutral value if there may be stable configurations in each neutral particle of precisely equal numbers of positive and negative photon holes. Thus, every neutron has equal quantities of positive and negative photon holes, so in general there can be no vibration at all of the space-grid.

It is notable that during neutron decay (outside of the nucleus) that the photon hole constituents may scatter themselves and fabricate a proton and an electron. Electric charge is, therefore, conserved, because positive and negative photon holes must be conserved when the constituents do rearrange themselves into new particles. See image # 2 above for a deeper understanding of particle decay.

New Particle Creation

The quantum vacuum is pictured by quantum mechanics as a seething frothy foam generating new particles constantly. However, quantum mechanics does not give us further information as to how these particles come into being. In this text, it is the space foam itself that can create new particles out of its own constituents--space foam can become new particles when the proper elements and energies of photon holes are available.

Space, then, can fabricate new particles out of available photon holes spontaneously or by space "overstretching" as long as certain rules for this fabrication are always followed. The apparent laws for new particle fabrication appear to be:

1) Matter + Antimatter = 0

And also:

2) Negative Charge + Positive Charge = 0 (as also mentioned previously)

Hence, new matter can be fabricated as long as antimatter does accompany it. If the matter has an electrical charge, then its opposite charge (antimatter) must also be fabricated. As mentioned previously, this conception is known as the conservation of electric charge, and is the primary reason that antimatter must always accompany new matter.

In the case of the fabrication of two charged particles, the photon hole building blocks must be (if the author's hypothesis is correct) in units of energy minus h. Thusly, when an electron and a positron are created, they are fabricated (and spontaneously assembled) out of particles of the quantum space foam (grid) of energy - h.

Therefore, there is a natural response of the space foam of energy - h with the particles of energy - h. Electromagnetic waves are the responses of photon hole particles in space (with the negative Planck energy) to the vibration of particles with an identical average energy. This is why a charged particle can, when brought into oscillation, emit radiation.

Dark Matter And Photon Holes

The standard theory has no candidate for dark matter. This extended theory does. According to the standard Big Bang theory, it is predicted that 95 percent of dark matter is of some exotic type not made from protons and neutrons (Cowen, 2001).

If the picture of the Universe proposed by this text has validity, that matter is composed of photon holes, then it must also be the case that space itself also has mass! Although the densities of photon holes in space are vastly less than are the highly-dense clumps that makeup matter, the space itself is composed of the same fundamental elements (or components) as is matter. See the definitions above for a more detailed description.

Since these photon holes, present in both matter and space, contain the characteristics we normally associate with matter (as also described above), then space itself must have a "weight" associated with it. If the above definitions of matter and space are correct, then there can fundamentally be no escaping this conclusion.

Hence, dark matter automatically follows from this extended standard model. Therefore, at this deeper level of structure one might uncover an intimate relationship between matter and space, and in-addition a new theory of dark matter. Dark matter, may, therefore, be space particles--photon holes which (as described previously) have the characteristics of the property we call "mass". Commonly, this dark matter in a typical galaxy has the negative Planck value - h, and might be produced largely by photon emission.

Therefore, as is consistent with the above descriptions of gravitational fields, photon holes as dark matter must orbit all massive bodies and at the same time create curvature. Thus, galaxies may be "swarms" of photon holes curving-up the local space and because photon holes are connected with mass, galaxies also may attract dark matter as well as fabricate it via photon emission. And so, the photon hole aspects of space are the dark matter. In essence, the dark matter may directly be connected to the curvatures associated with gravitational fields as described by general relativity. Hence, the same phenomenon that is responsible for the curvatures in the gravitational field, is that associated with dark matter.

Is David Bohm's Universe Realized?

Whilst analyzing one evening the writings of (the utterly brilliant physicist in the author's opinion) David Bohm, the author realized that these photon hole constituents might also have the characteristic that they are each "a wholeness" in-themselves. That is, every quantum of space (or photon hole) might each be an integral aspect of the greater space at large, yet each quanta contains also the greater space. It is rather like a holographic image, where each small part of the image contains also the greater whole of the image. For further study, the reader might explore the subject of holography for a deeper description of this well-known (but not very well understood) phenomenon.

Generally speaking, this characteristic of space might seem a bit confusing at first, unless one looks at how each photon hole might have arisen in the first place. Do note again the important relationship: Photons + Photon Holes = Zero. So yes, each photon hole may have an entwined relationship with every other hole; as they all might arise out of identical photons (except for their frequency), so all photon holes may have a close inner-connection with each other i.e., all are pieces of a bigger whole.

This may also say something important about photons, which commonly display completely strange quantum behavior as well. Little wonder since both photons and holes may arise out of a flat wave state--or nothing at all (presumably) in the Big Bang. So, contained therein in each piece of quantum space, matter, or photon, the greater whole of the Universe at large may in some sense be observed. Yes, the quantum strangeness simply continues!

Therefore, taking this possible characteristic of space and matter into consideration, one might arrive at a Bohmian description of the Universe. Were he alive during this updated writing in June, 2003 (which he is not), David Bohm may not have been too surprised at this conclusion. The very bold physicist David Bohm had very significant vision in the author's opinion.

(Mid-January 2004 Comment) Matter can be understood to be one aspect of space, the electromagnetic field yet another. And so, there is very likely some overlap (and perhaps wholeness) here as one cannot actually speak about matter without in some sense discussing matter's electromagnetic effects and also vice versa. Hence, the field concept can be seen to be a kind of degree of matter itself, and an integral (and intimate) part of its surrounding space.

How Particles Gain Mass--Momentum Is Photon Hole Accumulation

In particle accelerators, particles collide at high speeds and new particles are brought into being, the result of the transformation of kinetic energy and momentum (m x v) into matter. In this model, this transformation is indicative that at speeds very close to that of light, there may be an accumulation (and attraction) of new photon holes near or even onto the surface of the accelerated particle. When a collision does occur, these then available constituents fabricate new particles.

Hence, a particle's (or bodies) kinetic energy and momentum attracts and accumulates photon holes, perhaps, from the very space through which the particle passes. The more kinetic energy that is accumulated by a moving particle, the more photon holes that are accumulated from the surrounding space foam for the production of new particles (when a collision does take place).

It can be further understood that particles traveling close to the speed of light and accumulating momentum, act as if their gravity has increased by an increase in their radiation voids responsible for gravity. Such bodies then will attract a greater number of photon holes from the surrounding space that the particle is passing through.

The quantity of photon holes attracted becomes exponential as one approaches the speed of light. Thusly, it may be an exponential increase in gravity that attracts more photon holes to a high speed particle. As described in other work, a negative radiation void will attract another negative radiation void i.e., the increase in photon hole density may attract more photon holes. Therefore, as a body approaches c, the "photon hole as matter" density increases attracting more photon holes, which may tend to increase the apparent mass of the body.

Since photon holes are equivalent to mass (the theme of this text), it can be seen how a moving body gains mass as it gets ever-closer to the speed of light. This accumulation of photon holes by a moving body is equivalent to the particle gaining mass. It, therefore, becomes increasingly difficult to push the particle any faster, because space particles (photon holes) have attached themselves to the moving particle as it moves along, causing it to exponentially gain mass.

Hence, for a matter particle moving close to c, space itself acts as a kind of "thick" medium (similar to molasses) preventing bodies with mass from equaling the speed of light. High speed objects near c, therefore, literally "drag" a bit of nearby space along with them as they travel along.

Moreover, when a collision does occur, the mass (photon holes) that have accumulated, may scatter and rearrange themselves into new particles (and this is precisely what is observed in accelerators). Hence, the gaining of mass by a moving body can become the new matter--only by assuming that matter is photon holes and that photon holes accumulate when objects pass through space at near the speed of light.

Neutrinos

In this model, it may be plausible that neutrinos do not exist. For example, during particle interactions where there is missing energy (and it is assumed that neutrinos have carried it away), this extra energy would necessarily be in the form of leftover photon holes (matter's constituents). Hence, the rearrangement of particles into new particles during interactions leaves some energy behind in the form of leftover photon holes.

If neutrinos do not exist, such energy may simply be returned-back to the quantum space foam, as such foam is composed of the same photon holes. Thus, leftover energy from particle rearrangements (such as decay) may or may not form neutrinos, as such energy simply returns and adds to the space foam.

Perhaps, also, neutrinos do exist and are simply yet smaller and stable configurations of photon holes! Whether neutrinos exist or not is left as an open question by this model. However, if neutrinos do exist, they must indeed have a mass. Neutrinos cannot be mass-less particles as was previously suspected by some physicists. Current thinking suggests that neutrinos do have a mass.