Flames

Flames, Sparks, Explosions And Heat

Radiation And Matter Arising From The Fifth Dimension

Entropy As Increasing Space-Time Flatness And The Arrow Of Time

What Phenomena Are Described By Space-Time Curvatures?

Is Entropy Accelerating Over Time?

By: John K. Harms

Email: harmsjk3@earthlink.net

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Updated: July, 2003

Abstract:

Based upon the author's other work, the conclusion is reached that flames and sparks are space-time curvatures, an ongoing process by heat and electrical forces to reach their equilibrium. Flames and sparks decrease the curvature of the Universe and increase its entropy. The damage produced by explosions might be pictured as upheavals of space-time producing violent waves outward. The phenomena of light is pictured as an interaction by higher dimensions with our ordinary dimensions of space and time. Hence, the fifth dimension is viewed as the source of radiation and matter. This is the realm of the Higgs fields. Matter, the opposite curvature of space-time as proposed in the author's other texts, is also viewed as coming to us from the Higgs fields in the fifth dimension. Although matter and radiation are opposites in five dimensions, they are equivalent in our four dimensional space-time. These proposals leads to the conclusion that entropy is the process of the cancellation of curvature of space-time i.e., space-time seeks always to flatten-out over time. Entropy essentially may be a phenomena due to the stretching out of the waves in space causing their apparent flatness. Since the Cosmos may be expanding at an accelerated rate, so indeed may entropy. The phenomena described by space-time curvatures such as matter, radiation and forces are discussed. Nine probable consequences are proposed a the end of the text.

Key Words: Space-Time, Heat, Radiation, Matter, Flames, Sparks, Explosions, Lightning, Entropy, COBE, Fifth Dimension, Higgs Fields, Immanuel Kant

Introduction

One of the consequences of the other papers on electricity, magnetism and gravity (also available on this Website) is that forces can give rise to curvatures of space-time. S. W. Hawking has stated this also (Hawking, 1996). A close look at other forces can visualize them as differentials of energy from place to place, perhaps, at different frequencies.

One might picture heat and its absence (coldness), which also give rise to forces to do work, fundamentally as differences in the motions of available molecules. Most of the laborsaving machines that have been devised by humans take advantage of a heat differential of some kind to perform usable work. We call these forces.

Therefore, similar to gravity, electric and magnetic forces, heat must seek to find its equilibrium and in the process have an effect upon space-time curvature.

In the case of heat, a tear in the fabric of space-time can be observed when a fuel is burned. This tear is known commonly as a flame. This admittedly is only a hypothesis at this point, but one that logically follows from the author's previous work.

Moreover, the conclusion is reached that radiation is the fifth dimension. This is believed because "tears" and "cracks" in space-time (flames and sparks) all emit radiation and radiation is a space-time curvature (based upon the author's other work on electromagnetism). Matter, being the opposite curvature as is radiation, is also a phenomena from the fifth dimension--a local distortion of space-time. Matter and radiation exist within the Higgs fields in hyperspace. The phenomena described by space-time curvatures is also discussed.

Flames As Space-Time Curvatures

When Oxygen (sometimes also an alternative substance) is added to a fuel source which also contains a heat source, the fuel may ignite in a flame. A flame is sometimes visible by the light it emits, or sometimes it is quite transparent. In either case, a flame is pictured here as a tear in the fabric of space-time. Burning, a chemical reaction due to a resonance of two substances with each other, is actually the widening of a heat differential, the key to utilizing heat to do work--- a force.

As in electric or magnetic forces, the polarization of opposites can generate lines of force. In the case of a flame, it is the polarization of heat and its absence (coldness) which results in a tearing of space-time (a flame). A flame essentially is a compact region of a heat differential. A flame always tends to increase entropy and this is not a reversible process. An un-burning, therefore, cannot occur (Thorne, 1994).

Hence, burning in the form of a flame, as an increase in entropy, is essentially a curvature and local stretching of space-time. In this case, a flame is an attempt to flatten-out a significant difference in heat from place to place. The tear in space-time that results is a response to the force differential. Hence, the rearrangement of electrons (in a chemical reaction) results in a force (or forces) that bend and tear space-time.

As in the "Quantum Space" text, if space is pictured as a quantum foam grid-like structure held together largely by electromagnetic forces, a flame might be a physical separation in the electromagnetic "glue" that holds the grid structure together. This fundamentally is the gateway to higher dimensions which are at very high energies. See the "Quantum Space" text for further details at the link below.

An unstable wavering flame tip demonstrates the sometimes chaotic curvature of the space foam background at these frequencies. The temperature of a flame equals its energy and, according to Planck; its frequency. When the (temperature) frequency of a flame does matche the overall frequency and energy of the background radiation (composed of quantum foam), there are relatively fewer oscillations of the flame tip. Sometimes, the addition of oxygen to a burning fuel (or a change in the fuel) can eliminate this wavering tip. A wavering tip may, therefore, be the result of a difference in the frequency between the quantum foam grid and the flame. So, the flame is out of resonance with the quantum background. A flame, therefore, ceases emitting photons becoming by and large transparent, when the temperature differential of the flame becomes precisely in-phase with the background space foam.

The orthodox view of flames is that heat can accelerate electrons which in-turn emit light. Hence, what a flame actually is or why it can become transparent, is never actually explained. The picture presented here is that heat causes the fragmentation and tearing of space-time (or the background space quantum foam) and forces its local flatness resulting in a flame. The light emitted by this upheaval is a packet of space-time curvature, known as a photon. Photons, thusly, are carriers of entropy (and energy) from place to place. See the "Color" text--link provided below.

Torn space-time (such as a flame) can often do damage to a person's skin, whereas in the case of electric and magnetic forces, lines of force are space-time wrapped or folded over onto itself. Henceforth, lines of force may not be dangerous to humans.

Another difference is that the energy for flames is fed by a chemical reaction (chemical energy), where electrical forces are fed by the radiation background as proposed in the "Electricity And Magnetism" text (see the address below).

Sparks And Flames

It is proposed in this text that sparks and flames are similar phenomena. Sparks are a differential of electric forces (charge), whereas flames are a differential of heat. In both cases, the sparks or flames are attempts by nature to seek equilibrium (seeking a zero curvature) by maximizing entropy. It follows that since flames increase entropy, so also must sparks. A spark, therefore, also decreases the Universe's local curvature. In addition, if one didn't already know that a spark can cause a flame, one might predict (knowing their relationship) that this true. Indeed, conversely, flames also occasionally may shoot sparks.

Electrical sparks are for the electric force what flames are for heat. It is ironic that flames usually act to increase the heat differential by consuming the available fuel. Nonetheless, the purpose of a flame is to eventually reduce the heat differential and seek a thermal equilibrium more rapidly than without the flame. Therefore, fuel is consumed more rapidly when there is a flame.

The key difference between sparks and flames can be noted in their frequencies. Sparks as the physicist H. Hertz showed are longer-wavelength (radio) phenomena (as described in the other E/M text below), where flames are heat related and, therefore, are largely infrared wavelength based. Where a flame is a tear in the space-time grid, a spark is similar to a crack. Indeed, lightning resembles cracks in a brittle object as it fans-out across the sky. This can often be observed during a thunderstorm.

Perhaps, it is space-time that is being temporarily cracked open. So, a lightning bolt is a very high energy differential of electrical potential and emits usually a bright blue light of energetic photons. Again, the photons emitted are pictured as the quanta of space-time curvature within the new fifth dimension that is opened-up. As shown in other texts, light and other radiation may come to our four dimensions from the Higgs fields at higher dimensions--perhaps, from the fifth dimension. This may also be the realm of gravity as noted by Einstein.

Indeed, that sparks and flames have a close relationship may not be surprising. In gas engines, sparks are used to ignite the flames in the combustion chamber. Indeed, sparks are commonly used to ignite fires. Again, the primary difference here may be the different frequencies of sparks and flames. Otherwise, they are essentially very similar phenomena; one electrical and the other of heat.

Radiation And Matter--The Fifth Dimension

It is important to mention that any substance or device that emits light, does so because such an object has an effect upon space-time. A light bulb, for example, may cause a disruption (and a vibration) of space-time yielding radiation emitted in all directions. That space-time is an absolute (the same in all frames of reference), as Minkowski showed us, gives light (and radiation) an identical characteristic (in accordance with Einstein's relativity). Hence, space-time may be an ideal medium (as it is relativistic) for light waves or packets of space-time curvature called photons. Indeed, in the gravity text, packets of space-time curvatures and photons can be understood to be equivalent.

An insight into light is proposed here: Light comes forth essentially from a higher dimension into our four dimensional world--three dimensions of space and one of time. Objects that emit light are, therefore, tapping-into a higher physical dimension and letting us view directly the effect of a higher dimension on our four dimensional world--the doorway to the Higgs fields. Hence, the Sun is essentially a pathway to higher dimensional hyperspace, gravity and the Higgs fields. The Higgs fields are the sources of radiation and matter particles.

So, light itself is a curvature of space-time into a fifth physical dimension. Light (and other radiation) happens when there exists an imbalance of energy from place to place. Light is the result of nature moving toward its energy equilibrium point. One might view this also as an acceleration of a charged particle, but this description misses the important point that the emission of light is an attempt to correct an unbalance of energy--to smooth out the local curvatures of space-time that was polarized originally during the creation of the Universe.

As in Immanuel Kant's Worldview, the fifth dimension might be pictured as what Kant calls the "noumenal" world--the world of the object's-in-themselves. For Kant, the noumenal world cannot be known by the senses. The noumenal world (as pictured here as the fifth dimension) can, however, send messages from these unknown entities to our five sense organs in the forth dimension, the phenomenal world of human beings. These are what we experience (what Kant calls "the phenomena") as light and matter in the everyday sense of the word; the effects of the fifth dimension on our ordinary human dimensions (Williams, 1989). Hence, one can never understand matter or light (radiation) completely in our own dimension, because their essences forever lie in the fifth dimension; in Kant's noumenal world.

This is the primary reason that light and matter are both particles and waves depending upon the experiment. Both matter and radiation entities lie in the noumenal fifth dimension and only their signals (and shadows) are projected in four dimensions. Thus, the shadowlike signals from the fifth dimensional Higgs fields appear as both particles and waves in our own four dimensional reality. We only see the signals sent to our dimension.

Moreover, in our dimensions matter and radiation can only be statistical in their descriptions, whereas in the fifth dimension quantum mechanics may be completely deterministic. Hence, space-time waves, which is how the author pictures both matter and radiation, are not probabilistic--they are deterministic. However, human beings, living forever in four dimensions, can never know this determinism. As four dimensional creatures, we only see the shadows of the fifth dimension, which appear in four dimensions as being only statistical. Both Newton and the French physicist Marquis de Laplace would have loved to visit the fifth dimension!

Matter is proposed to be an opposite curvature than that of radiation and antimatter. Where new matter is formed, for example from electron/positron particle pair generation, such pairs enter our world from the fifth dimension--thus, such particles seem to appear from nowhere. Matter generation also is nature's attempt to balance-out an imbalance of energy in the Universe. New matter generation may indicate an increase in radiation and/or antimatter elsewhere in the Cosmos (the matter/radiation-antimatter parity principle; see "Interesting Symmetries" and "Particle Decay" links below).

Matter is known to be fundamentally electrical in nature. This finding is not surprising since an imbalance of electrical forces (generating an electrical potential) can cause sparks to jump; an attempt by nature at reaching electrical equilibrium. Therefore, matter (as a space-time curvature) and the forces of electricity in the form of sparks (space-time "cracks") are closely-related phenomena in the fifth dimension--the Higgs fields.

In the viewpoint of this author, forces are explained well, as Einstein showed us with gravity, by a curvature of four dimensional space-time into a fifth physical dimension. Dimensional theories higher than this are (in this author's view) not reality-based physics--unless demonstrated otherwise!

The author envisions the higher dimensional picture this way:

1st Dimension = A Line

2nd Dimension = A Square

3rd Dimension = A Box

4th Dimension = Time; This Dimension Is Similar To Kant's "Phenomenal" World.

5th Dimension = In This Dimension, Radiation And Matter Arise And Are Opposites; They Are Opposite Distortions Of Space-Time (Similar To Kant's "Noumenal" World). Highly Condensed Matter And Radiation Are Present In The Fifth Dimension And May Be Contained In The Higgs Fields.

It is found that in the case of black holes that matter can slip into a higher fifth dimensional hyperspace. It may be joined by radiation which may enter in all gravitational fields. The "force" of gravity (the radiation void within matter) has effects that are felt primarily in the fourth dimension. This is the fundamental reason that black holes have gravity, but no matter (only a point-like singularity within). See the "Black Holes" link below for further information.

The emission of radiation arises from the fifth dimension and has effects in our four dimensional space-time. Ordinary visible light demonstrates the effects of the unseen fifth dimension on the dimensions where human beings reside.

Forces, such as gravity in Einstein's view, are described well by assuming that four dimensions are curved into a fifth physical dimension. Thus, five dimensions (and forces such as gravity) must be closely linked to radiation and matter. Indeed, this is the author's conclusion about gravity; that space-time curvature (in five dimensions) is closely related to radiation i.e., a negative radiation pressure. Pressure in general relativity causes a gravitational field. Moreover, matter is the source of this negative radiation pressure; the place where negative radiation pressure occurs. See "Gravity" link below for further details.

Explosions

In a supernovae explosion, it is commonly said that such an event creates a huge wave in space-time often called a gravity wave. Experiments are now underway to detect gravity waves. However, if this is true (and most scientists are in agreement here), why isn't space-time disturbed by much smaller explosions such as nuclear bombs or even conventional bombs? Moreover, taking this view, why can't lightning be a crack in space-time and an ordinary flame be a similar distortion-like tear in the space-time fabric?

It appears obvious that when space-time is affected, which requires a generated force (perhaps a pressure), tremendous energy is released in the form of light, or the compression of space-time itself (a shock wave).

Perhaps, some of the damage caused by bombs is not caused only by disturbances of the local air pressure, but also by the violent disturbances of space-time as well. Such disturbances can do damage (in the same way as the air) by quickly stretching and compressing objects nearby. A shock wave of space-time--a gravity wave. It is thought that such disturbances would pass by unnoticed, but perhaps this may not actually be the case.

This might be tested in space outside the Earth's atmosphere and it's quite certain that the military powers have already performed such experiments. Perhaps, however, they have not concluded at these levels that an explosion drastically affects space-time curvature. That is the idea proposed here.

Entropy

The heat divided by the temperature at which it flows equals the entropy of a system. Where heat flows, entropy flows with it. The state of thermo-equilibrium; the state of zero curvature, is maximum entropy. Nature loves to increase entropy (Goodstein, 1987).

Any temperature differential at all leads to curvature at infrared wavelengths. So, flames increase entropy. And so, photons transport this entropy. When all temperatures are the same, the Universe becomes flattened-out at infrared wavelengths. This is maximum entropy. Increasing entropy is equivalent to the increasing flatness of space-time. Hence, the more entropy, the more flat the space-time in the Universe.

There is a known infrared background in the Universe as was recently discovered by the COBE satellite. This amounts to a measurable curvature at infrared wavelengths. When there is no space-time curvature (and radiation) at infrared left in the Universe, there is no useable energy in the Universe and no work can be performed. Heat engines create entropy, thus, increase the flatness of the Universe (Goodstein, 1987).

This is the so-called "heat death" of the Universe, but this time pictured not only as a Universe of a constant temperature everywhere, but also with the same curvature everywhere as well. The expansion of the Universe increases the flatness of the radiation (a space-time curvature) by red-shifting it. The cosmic background, therefore, is strong evidence that entropy in the Universe is increasing.

Hence, differences in temperatures give rise to local curvatures at infrared wavelengths and an increase in entropy is a reduction in curvature. Massive bodies (and black holes) are local increases in curvatures and, thus, are reductions in entropy. Gravity, therefore, increases the order in the Universe. Yes, gravitational fields are orderly. On the large scale, however, radiation is always being further red-shifted (from the expansion of the Universe) increasing the entropy of the Universe.

So, entropy always increases on its own because the wave in space are always being stretched out due to the present expansion of the Universe. This is the author's proposal as to why entropy always tends to increase in the Cosmos. As long as the Universe expands (and their is good evidence that the expansion is accelerating), entropy will increase. Is entropy accelerating over time along with the Universe? This might be a conclusion to be drawn by this model. Perhaps yes.

So, the red-shift may reduce the ability of the Universe to do work, as there may be a reduction of usable energy and an increase in all disordered forms of energy as the Universe expands. Thusly, increasing disorder will actually lead to a completely smooth Universe with the same temperature everywhere.

The Arrow Of Time

If the flow of time is defined, as some have suggested, by increasing entropy, then the arrow of time is also defined by the decreasing curvature of the Universe. Henceforth, as curvature cancels-out and red-shifts, time flows from the past to the present to the future--time's arrow. The Universe is more curved (and ordered) in the past and less curved in the future, and never the other way around. Therefore, space-time curvature has an arrow (a direction) as does time.

The arrow of time within the human brain (the psychological arrow) may due to the fact that our brains are seeking electrical flatness through the firing of neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitter's firings are attempts by the brain to reach electrical equilibrium and thermodynamic flatness--the same charge and heat everywhere.

As the brain learns something new, it utilizes this increasing flatness to increase its complexity. This increase in complexity is due to a synaptic process called "long-term potentiation". Perhaps, the reason that we "feel" time passing is closely related to long-term potentiation and the opposite process "long-term depression" within the brain. Long-term depression amounts to the increasing flatness (and entropy) in the future, but never in the past. The scientist who discovered this synaptic process (long-term potentiation) won the 2000 Nobel Prize in physiology; Eric R. Kandel.

Kendel discovered that changes in synaptic function are responsible for learning. This process,"long-term potentiation", is a change in the conduction properties of the synapses. The opposite process "long-term depression" appears to move in the same direction that entropy does. (Reference at: http://www.hhmi.org/news/kandel.html ). Hence, flatness and entropy (long-term depression) only flow in one direction; they always increase on the large scale. When an organism dies, thermodynamic flatness is achieved, the same temperature and electric charge everywhere.

The author believes that long-term depression is the process responsible for the arrow of time. Hence, it is the increasing disorder via long-term depression that creates the arrow of time. Entropy is in-essence the long-term depression process within the brain. While it appears that the arrow of time always points in the direction of time that entropy increases, in actuality, the arrow of time points always in the direction of increasing the long-term depression of the synapses within the brain. Within the brain, long-term depression is entropy. See the "Time" text for further details. Links provided below.

What Phenomena Are Described By Space-Time Curvatures?

Much of the phenomena we see and experience happen as a result of the interactions of matter and radiation. Both matter and radiation are pictured by this author as space-time curvatures or distortions. A different picture is also taken here of forces. For example, all forces are also visualized as space-time curvatures. The force picture is as follows:

1) Gravity: An Einsteinan picture is viewed as being correct. General relativity predicts that pressures cause gravity. In this case, the pressure is provided by negative radiation pressure, an imbalance of the pressure of the space-time vacuum (see the gravity text for more information). Gravity waves are actually identical to very long-wavelength radiation. Hence, the search for gravity waves may come up empty, because gravity waves are actually ordinary radiation at long-wavelengths. This is because there can be no difference between a wave in space-time (a gravity wave) and a wave in space-time as radiation--the two phenomena are equivalent!

2) Electromagnetism: Both electricity (sparks are space-time "cracks") and magnetism are pictured as due to space-time curvatures. Lines of force are space-time folded-over onto itself. Perhaps, lines of force emit virtual quanta both in forward and backward time-directions. See the electricity and magnetism text below.

3) The Strong Force: The energy of this force is very likely provided by reinforced (resonance) waves of matter on top of each other. Since matter is also pictured as a distortion of space-time (above), it is space-time waves that ultimately is responsible for the strong force.

4) The Weak Force: The relationship of the weak force and electromagnetism has been demonstrated. It is a unification of the two forces, now called the electro-weak force.

The Force Of Friction And Curvature

Friction is sometimes described as a force; it can sometimes alter the direction of a body. The picture of friction here is rather different than the conventional view. The conventional view is that friction arises from the irregularities in the surfaces of sliding objects. These irregularities act as obstructions to motion (Hewitt, 1981).

The picture put forth by this text is that friction flattens space-time curvatures (by matter sliding against matter) by reducing the kinetic energy of moving bodies. This leads to heating and increased entropy. This is consistent with the idea that the increasing flatness of space-time by cancellation (in this case matter dampening matter) is increased entropy. Increasing flatness (through the stretching out of waves) is increased entropy. Moreover, in this picture, increasing heat production must increase entropy and space-time flatness. Mass becomes energy as given by E = mc^2.

Objects that create friction with each other, are waves at the interfaces of matter (the so-called "irregularities" as stated above) that are out-of-phase and cancel-out each other's identical wave components. Like the author's similar ideas of "color" also on this Website, it is the cancellation of matter waves (for example, in blackness) that leads to heating via the conservation of energy principle. Hence, black objects in sunlight are hotter than white ones--See the "Color" link below.

Friction, therefore, is a case where matter waves may dampen each other at their interfaces, leading (also as in the case of color) to heating and an increased space-time flatness i.e., increased local entropy. This is why increasing flatness is equivalent to increasing entropy.

Since no radiation is involved in this process, only matter interacting with matter, no radiation void is created--which is actually an increase in curvature; a decrease in entropy! When the radiation background becomes canceled-out by matter, a gravitational field is formed and order (locally) does increase. In the overall system, however, entropy tends always to increase.

Hence, a swinging pendulum imparts flatness (and therefore heat and entropy) to the surrounding air, until the pendulum eventually stops. Energy is conserved. Moreover, if the force of friction is great enough between two bodies, sparks and/or flames can be generated due to the vastly increased differentials of heat and/or electricity--also indicators of increasing flatness and entropy. Flames and sparks are efficient at increasing entropy; they emit photons, the transporters of entropy. Wave stretching as the Cosmos expands red-shifts the photons in the Universe.

Energy And Space-Time Curvature

Other forms of energy must be related to matter, since mass (a characteristic of matter) is related to energy by: E = mc^2. Hence, all forms of energy are also related to space-time curvatures and increasing flatness:

1) Heat Energy: Flames are tears in space-time caused by differences in heat (given suitable burning conditions).

2) Electrical Energy: Sparks are "cracks" in space-time; the differences in electrical potential.

3) Chemical Energy: By the rearrangement of electrons i.e., a chemical reaction, burning (heat and flames) can take place. Thus, chemical reactions give rise to space-time curvature and forces.

4) Light Energy: Light itself is a space-time curvature as mentioned above

5) Sound Energy: Vibrations of the air (pressures) also vibrate space-time. However, one's ears are not sensitive to space-time curvatures, only vibrations of the air. The same disturbances (pressures) that create the sounds we hear as vibrations in the air, also produce space-time curvatures--disturbances of space-time. Pressures, hence, generate the noises we hear and also create waves in space-time. Moreover, such space-time curvatures should also produce radiation. Thus, where there is sound, there is (perhaps, long-wavelength) radiation because electromagnetic waves are also waves in space-time (as mentioned above).

6) Potential Energy: Objects with potential energy show the effects of relativity i.e., gain mass etc.. This is due to space-time curvatures. See the "Inertia" text (link provided below) for more information about this idea.

7) Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (inertia) is described by the inertia text and is pictured as an object falling into a space-time tunnel. Objects in an inertial frame have a fixed curvature due to energy conservation. The effect of inertia may actually be produced by radiation pressure from radiation attracted to the radiation void at the leading edge of a moving body. See the "Inertia" text below for more information.

It should be mentioned that all space-time curvatures produce as a byproduct; radiation. This is because radiation is also a space-time curvature and when space-time is disrupted, some frequency of radiation may then be emitted.

An interesting symmetry can be derived from the outlook of forces and matter as space-time curvatures. Newton's Force = Mass x Acceleration (F = ma) is very similar to both matter and forces being space-time distortions. Mass (a characteristic of matter) is, hence, closely related to "a force", as Newton found. Therefore, matter is closely related to forces i.e., they both are found to be space-time curvatures.

Since it is seen that radiation is a space-time curvature and that Maxwell discovered that light is electromagnetic, space-time must therefore have electromagnetic elements at its foundation. If matter is also pictured as a distortion of space-time, matter by the above reasoning must also be electromagnetic. Indeed, it is difficult to discuss matter without electricity or electricity without matter.

If all forces are viewed as space-time curvatures, then all forces must be intimately related to electromagnetism. In the gravity text (see link below), this electromagnetic connection is clarified--gravity is caused be radiation pressure. The weak force (now called the electro-weak force) has previously been unified with electromagnetism. This leaves the strong force as the "odd man out". It is predicted that the strong force, as also a space-time curvature at a distinct frequency, is electromagnetic--because space-time is electromagnetic.

The unification of all particles and forces follows from the viewpoint that both are the result of curvatures of space-time. This view might be, in the long-run, more satisfactory than the Superstring model now proposed by physicists. In the author's opinion, Superstrings is a poor theory.

Conclusion

The following probable consequences follow from this model:

1) A flame is a "tear" in the fabric of space-time and closely related to a spark which is pictured as a "crack" in space-time. Both are physical separations of the grid-like quantum foam structure, revealing hyperspace.

2) Differences in energy give rise to space-time curvatures. Space-time may be curved, folded over on itself, cracked, or torn. This explains the various physical phenomena presented in this text.

3) Space-time curvatures are nature's attempt at cancellation moving toward eventual flatness and increasing entropy. Flames and sparks increase entropy. Photons carry entropy.

4) Radiation and matter come from the fifth dimension, perhaps, from the Higgs fields. They are opposites in the fifth dimension, but equivalent forms of energy in our four dimensional space-time.

5) The destructive force of an explosion may be due to the effects (a shock wave) of space-time on physical objects.

6) Entropy increasing is equivalent to the flattening of space-time. Sparks and flames increase flatness. On the large scale, entropy increases because of the Universe's expansion. Since the Cosmos may be expanding at an accelerated rate, so may entropy be increasing rate!

7) Gravity waves are long-wavelength radiation, because both are space-time curvatures. Therefore, objects that should emit gravity waves, such as binary stars, black holes etc., actually emit measurable amounts of long-wavelength radiation instead.

8) Every space-time curvature produces radiation. See section on "space-time curvatures" above for further details.

9) Space-time may be electromagnetic. All forces and particles are distortions of space-time. The strong force is related to electromagnetism.