b-holes

Different Ideas Concerning Black Holes

Known Discoveries And Bold New Conclusions

Singularities And Quantum Gravity

By: John K. Harms

Abstract:

The text explores the consequences for black holes of the author's previous works. Singularities, quantum gravity, gravity waves, entropy and wormholes are discussed with previous works in mind. It is proposed that black holes are not black and that they emit radiation perhaps by the same processes as a fluorescent light does. The consequences of the idea that gravity waves are identical to ordinary radiation is discussed. The author's previous work on gravity is viewed as a quantum description. This quantum gravity model has repercussions for singularities, places in nature where general relativity breaks down. For example, tidal effects (measured as infinite in general relativity close to a singularity) are pictured in this gravity model as perfectly finite, due to the limitations of the radiation void responsible for gravity. The probable consequences of this idea are suggested to eventually verify these concepts.

Key Words: Black Holes, Quantum Gravity, Curved Space-Time, Gravity Waves, Radiation, Singularities, The Void, Wormholes, Entropy, White Holes, Quantum Space

Introduction

Many of the author's past research efforts have consequences for black holes. In this manuscript, this work is combined with the known black hole discoveries over the past eighty-five years (since Einstein's general theory of relativity was formulated). The author's ideas concerning gravity, darkness/blackness, electricity/magnetism, entropy, general and special relativity unification (including inertia) are combined with present knowledge to shed light and hopefully yield insights into new areas of black hole research.

What general relativity and quantum mechanics tell us about black holes is absolutely valid, however, the story is still far from complete due to the partial nature of these disciplines. This paper will attempt to paint a more complete picture of black holes, hopefully describing what general relativity and quantum theory do not (and probably cannot) tell us.

In particular, the author's quantum description of gravity (which is recommended reading on this Website) offers some new physics concerning singularities, gravity waves, gravitational implosion and wormholes.

Our Present Picture Of Black Holes

Much of what we now know about black holes is derived from either the laws of general relativity or quantum mechanics. What these two disciplines cannot tell us about black holes, is presently unknown. Thus, the picture we have of black holes is unfortunately only partial.

What we have learned by probing deeply into these two theories will be briefly summarized here:

After a massive star runs out of its fuel, it may begin to gravitationally collapse because the star can no longer support itself against its own gravity. If the star is massive enough, there can be no halting this inward stellar implosion. The maximum mass for a neutron star is now believed to be between 1.5 and 3 solar masses. When massive stars die and they are above these limits, they may shrink to become black holes.

The star's surface may collapse to a point, becoming a singularity. When this happens, the gravity of the collapsed star increases to such a degree that light can no longer escape from the star's surface. Gravity becomes so strong because the internal pressure on the matter of the star becomes very intense. According to general relativity, if the internal pressure rises dramatically, then gravity must also increase. Hence, pressure is the primary reason that black holes form.

If the star is compressed small enough, the escape speed will rise and exceed that of light. The escape speed of particles increases as the star's mass contracts. The collapsed star then forms an event horizon, a circular dome of blackness surrounding the singularity. The imploded star is, hence, called a black hole.

As the author pictures gravity, it can be understood that as density and pressure (particularly density) increases the shielding of the internal regions of the collapsed star from incoming radiation also rises. Thus, as density increases during collapse, greater shielding creates a more powerful (and pure) radiation void in the star. Therefore, the star's gravity rises not only from an increase in pressure i.e., general relativity, but also from an increase in shielding due to greater density. So, it may be the case that pressure and density (causing shielding) are absolutely equivalent conditions! Both increase the gravitational attraction during collapse leading to a black hole. It is notable that the author's picture of gravity provides reasons why the general theory of relativity must be true. See the "Gravity" text at the link below for more information.

It is presently believed that there are no "naked singularities". In this view, all singularities are surrounded by an event horizon, a region of blackness. This is known as the "cosmic censorship conjecture". At the point of a singularity, the laws of general relativity and quantum mechanics break down. Hence, such laws can yield no new information about the physics of the singularity. Therefore, the search is on for a quantum description of gravity, a new theory that the author may already have discovered. Link to gravity is subsequently provided.

What Is A Singularity?

Roger Penrose has proposed that all black holes have singularities inside. The author concurs and has produced several past works that happen to have consequences for singularities. The discussion of these concepts are to follow:

A consequence of the author's relativity work is that a singularity is actually a Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction to a point. The gravity of the collapsed star is so high that the star contracts from all directions to a point in space-time. The singularity, in this view, is identical to the larger stellar object from which it came, only it is now contracted from all outward directions to a point. Moreover, this is from an outsider's point of view. To an observer inside the black hole, there may be no apparent contraction.

Due to cosmic censorship, an outside observer can never know what actually is taking place within the event horizon. Additionally, the observer within the horizon can never tell anyone outside what he or she experiences. Thus, this finding is not only relative to the observer, but rather difficult to test (due to cosmic censorship) even if a black hole were nearby.

What is needed to describe the singularity is a quantum description of gravity, a marriage of general relativity and the quantum theory. The gravity model the author has developed is a qualitative union of these previously incompatible disciplines. It is, as physicists say, an "already unified" model. This unified version of quantum gravity does have important consequences for singularities. Here are some of the conclusions reached at this stage:

The first consequence of the gravity text is that the singularity is a radiation void or shadow, a point where there is an absolute absence of any radiation--a super particle of nothing at all. This may be true of the many fields in space-time as well. Hence, no radiation, fields or fluctuations of any kind can exist within the singularity.

If there are no fluctuations within the void itself, it appears that quantum mechanics also breaks down (and is violated) at the singularity. Since the singularity is safely out of view due to the event horizon, perhaps this violation cannot actually be considered a "real" violation of quantum mechanics. Moreover, there may indeed be fluctuations within the singularity, but this notion is a quite interesting one to ponder in any event. However, we may never know the answer for certain.

As the Casimir experiment demonstrates, the singularity, without any radiation pressure whatsoever, has a very strong gravitational attraction. Indeed, general relativity states that pressure differences can give rise to gravitational fields.

The more matter the collapsed star began with, the more pure (or perfect) is the radiation vacuum (void). The more perfect the radiation vacuum, the larger the area of the event horizon and the larger the black hole.

The matter that collapsed to form the black hole has left this part of the Universe through hyperspace--a crack in space-time. The effects of gravity are left behind. Perhaps, when this matter reaches a critical density, it may leak (perhaps gradually) into hyperspace.

Quantum gravity can also tell us how a singularity might appear. If an astronaut were inside the black hole, he or she might have a chance to view the singularity before he/she were stretched and killed by the increasing tidal forces. Since in other works, the void may have an apparent color, the singularity might appear as the color red on the edges and blue in the center.

This conclusion is reached because an observer approaching light speed experiences such coloring of reality i.e., red-shifting and blue-shifting of their forward vision. Since in the special relativity text, the void is also responsible for inertia and relativistic effects, all radiation voids (including singularities, which are the purest of all possible radiation voids) may also have this type coloring scheme. This is a prediction, however, that unfortunately is difficult to test experimentally.

If the singularity has any physical size, it might have a color. Otherwise, it may be only a point, far smaller than the wavelengths of any visible light.

The laws of general relativity are known to break down at the singularity. The general theory predicts, for example, that tidal forces squeeze any object approaching the singularity to an infinite degree. This is generally viewed as the break down of Einstein's theory and a quantum gravitational description should answer what the general theory cannot.

The physicist John Wheeler has stated that the laws of quantum gravity must govern the singularity and lead to "new phenomena unlike any we have ever met". In Wheeler's viewpoint, singularities are a "marrying place" for general relativity and quantum mechanics. The author is in agreement, because the author's proposed gravity model does yield new insight into singularities.

Our current limitations concerning the Big Bang is halted at 10^-43 seconds after the event. The other side is the Planck epoch, the physical laws of which we cannot fathom. The primary reason for our present ignorance is that we need a quantum theory of gravity to fully comprehend the Planck epoch and know what caused creation. John Wheeler has stated that at the bottom of it all, will not be an equation, but an utterly simple idea--an idea so compelling, so inevitable that we will say to one another, "Oh, how beautiful. How could it have been otherwise?" (Ferris, 1988). This beautiful idea may be radiation pressure, the key to quantum gravity.

Because vacuum background energy has a physical limit to its purity, there is a limit to the attraction and, therefore, the squeezing tidal effect that a singularity can have. The radiation vacuum, similar to a vacuum of air pressure, has physical limitations to its extent (purity), hence, even the largest black holes produce voids only somewhat more perfect than does an ordinary three solar mass size hole--pure nothingness, therefore, has its limitations! A quantum description, therefore, appears to solve the "infinity" problem (concerning infinite tidal forces) regarding singularities. The solution, hence, must be finite.

Moreover, that there is a limit to the purity (or perfection) of the void may also place strict limitations on the strength of the gravitational attraction of a black hole. When the purity of the radiation void reaches a certain critical level, additional matter (even a substantial quantity) falling into the hole may not increase the gravitational attraction significantly.

General relativity fails at singularities because within the theory itself there is no understanding (no definition) of what a singularity actually is. When viewed as a pure (perfect) radiation void, it is easier to predict what general relativity can never tell us. The gravity text is, therefore, recommended reading--link provided below.

It is proposed in the "decay" text that where incoming radiation cancels-out matter, a singularity may be created. This leads in the vacuum to space-time foam. In addition, this idea has a consequence for black holes that the singularity within the hole is a place for the cancellation of incoming gravitational radiation. Hence, the cancellation of the incoming radiation is actually equivalent to the radiation falling through the singularity and into a wormhole, the end point of the incoming radiation. This process may be taking place not only within a black hole, but also in all gravitational systems of a significant size.

As in other works, if matter itself is pictured essentially as photon hole structures, it is these structures that would collapse inward (overcoming the Pauli exclusion rule) to a single "super" photon hole. Hence, the singularity may be a single photon "hole" of absolute purity (completely devoid of radiation or vibrations). All points in space-time as radiation falling into the black hole would end at this single photon hole and enter hyperspace. Considering the minute size of such an object, a human or a spacecraft could hardly travel through it and into hyperspace. See the "Matter As Photon Holes" text for further information at the link below.

What Do Black Holes Look Like?

One of the consequences of the work on darkness and blackness is that black holes are not black. Since, in the darkness and blackness model blackness is radiation (similar to visible light), such "blackness" radiation must respond in the same way to gravity as other electromagnetic radiation does i.e., gravity bends such radiation. Therefore, the black hole cannot emit blackness either, since blackness perception is also the result of ordinary radiation.

Such radiation must also travel at light speed, hence, it cannot escape a black hole. It is difficult to explain based upon this work exactly how a black hole might appear, but it is rather like pointing in the direction of the fifth dimension. One cannot do it. The horizon of a black hole, thus, looks like nothing else in human experience. Perhaps, it looks rather like the blind spot at the back of one's eye--like nothing at all.

This can also be pictured as a red-shift of the star's light to infinity. The star's light, therefore, becomes red-shifted off the low end of the electromagnetic spectrum to wavelengths beyond both visible and blackness radiation.

Underneath all the radiation that may be emitted by a black hole lies the event horizon, however, this does not appear black. If black holes do appear black, either (1) blackness is not due to radiation or (2) the tachyon model #1 is correct. In model #1, blackness photons are tachyons, faster-than-light particles that can escape the hole's gravity due to their very high speeds. In this case, we do experience blackness.

An adequate comprehension of the texts on darkness/blackness and gravity is suggested to thoroughly understand the commentary in this section. Links are subsequently provided.

The Mass Of Black Holes

One of the consequences of the author's other works on inertia and relativity is that gravity (at high masses) gets stronger than Newton expected. Einstein's work also reflects this fact and yields this same prediction. Additionally, in the author's gravity text, increasing density may create a shielding effect (a radiation shadow) at the central regions of massive bodies causing gravity to increase. Neutron stars with densities 2000 times denser than Platinum create a shielding (radiation shadow) effect at their cores aiding the implosion, because the force of gravity is substantially increased!

Imploding stars have a high density and pressure in their centers, and lower density and pressure in their outer layers; as they implode, high-density lumps will develop here and there like blueberries in a blueberry muffin. These dense lumps may block incoming long-wavelength radiation generating a radiation void or shadow within. Similar to gravity, the Casimir experiment shows that such radiation voids are attractive in nature. In general relativity, pressure differences can cause gravitational fields. These radiation voids, hence, are responsible for gravity. This concept is discussed in detail in the gravity text also available on this Website. See link below.

This increase in gravity takes place without a similar increase in the amount of matter present. The shielding effect may explain why gravity increases as an object's mass moves toward its center i.e., implodes. The radiation shadow increases as gravity increases. Moreover, the radiation shadow effect may increase the inevitability of a stellar implosion to a black hole.

In addition, the author's work on inertia implies that gravity and mass may feed each other. As gravity increases, so does the apparent mass and vice versa. High gravity leads to increased contraction and higher mass, hence, more gravity i.e., runaway gravity! This is similar to the shielding effect mentioned above. The chaotic mass and gravity cycle ends inevitably in a stellar implosion. Thus, a massive star of perhaps less than two solar masses may collapse into a black hole.

This same phenomena is sometimes explained as electron degeneracy, the compression of electron waves that cause gravity to increase exponentially. When electron waves are compressed, they can become highly energetic approaching vibration speeds close to that of light. Special relativity requires that mass increases when this happens. It is ironic that the same force that keeps stars from imploding i.e., electron degeneracy, ultimately leads, because of an increase in mass (and shielding), to a total gravitational collapse. The Indian physicist Chandrasekhar's conclusions about electron degeneracy agree with (and are equivalent to) the "runaway gravity" idea as described above. See the "Inertia" text for further details. Link provided below.

It is found that a white dwarf star cannot be heavier than 1.4 Suns, because if they are more massive, gravitational compression spirals the mass (and therefore gravity) to infinity. Hence, gravitational collapse and increasing density overcome the stars resistance to compression. A gradual increase in density increases the shadow effect, thus, gravity increases asymptotically.

When the imploding star has a small mass, it may trigger a supernova explosion and form a neutron star. When the mass of the star is much larger than 2-Suns maximum for a neutron star, the implosion--despite its pressure, nuclear reactions, shock waves, heat, and radiation may produce a black hole. The star's surface can shrink right through the critical circumference and inward, without hesitation.

It is worth of note in the gravity text that an increasing radiation void tends to increase the flow of incoming radiation (light is bent by gravity; even more by stronger gravity), which in-turn increases the strength of the void due to the relative increase in density of the radiation environment. Hence, gravity (from several different approaches) has a tendency to be a self-feeding system.

Gravity Waves Are Radiation

A gravity wave may be produced by binary stars or black holes. Spinning black holes can also produce a tornado-like swirl in space-time. The Kerr solution found that spinning black holes grab space-time nearby producing a tornado-like swirl. There is evidence for this swirling effect of space around a black hole.

In 2001, with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite, Tod E. Strohmayer of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt Md, examined X-ray flashes by stellar matter falling into the black hole known as GRO J1655-40, about 10,000 light-years from Earth. The blobs of gas circling the black hole were found to emit X-rays at different intervals as they approached the event horizon. This evidence was found to be consistent with the idea that space can swirl like a tornado, spinning faster the closer one gets to the hole (Cowen, 2001).

This can also be understood in the context of negative energy space being pulled along and, thus, swirled in a tornado-like fashion as negative energy matter is in rotation i.e., negative energy matter attracts negative energy space. Space, therefore, can be attracted to matter (and rotate with it) and matter can have an effect upon the density of that space. This is described in greater detail in the "Quantum Space And General Relativity" text at the link below.

It is found that gravity waves leave black holes with a perfectly spherical shape. Warner Isreal found that a non-spherical implosion always results in precisely spherical black holes because of the power of stellar implosion. The conclusion that "a black hole has no hair" is the conception that one can never know anything about the object that collapsed, once it is hidden behind the event horizon. All the evidence of this previous object or what fell into the hole is gone forever, within the black hole.

If the black hole has an electric charge, the charge is also a warp of space-time, but at a much different frequency than gravity. Hence, black holes can be electrically charged. The electric field, however, is distorted as if the event horizon were a metal sphere.

Perhaps, this is rather similar to a Faraday cage. Thus, the electric field is not actually allowed to enter the horizon itself. The present idea is that polarized charges near the horizon cause the "metal sphere" effect. As proposed by the electricity and magnetism text, the metal sphere (Faraday cage) effect is explained as incoming radiation responsible for the electric fields that are not allowed to enter the cage or sphere. Hence, the black hole acts similarly. The hole does not allow electric field radiation (and, therefore, no electric field can be present) within the event horizon.

Magnetic fields are somewhat different than electric fields. Magnetic lines of force can be squeezed by strong gravity. This finding is consistent with the text on electricity and magnetism because lines of force are also space-time curvatures, but at different frequencies than either gravity or the electric field.

The physicist Ginsburg discovered that magnetic field lines can be "sucked down" onto the surface at the critical circumference at which black holes form. Hence, there is a close relationship between gravity and magnetism. Their radiation frequencies, thus, are not significantly distant (on the electromagnetic spectrum) from each other.

The bold conclusion in this section is that gravity waves are ordinary radiation. This conclusion results from the viewpoint that radiation is due to waves in space-time. Hence, photons are quanta of the curvature of space-time, the normal role of the graviton. Therefore, photons are gravitons. The bright visible light from a supernova is, in-essence, a gravity wave of sorts. This is predicted by this model.

In the author's "Quantum Space" text (see link below), space is pictured as photon holes. The photon holes lineup in an orderly and uniform arrangement and this is what we call "space". A disturbance of quantum space (for example) by an accelerated charged particle emits electromagnetic photons, waves through space and time. As discussed also in the above mentioned text, space particles and mass occur together (this is gravity). The swirl in space mentioned above can be thought of as the motion of photon holes around (for one example) a binary star. Since space must be disturbed from its orderly arrangement by stars in orbit around each other, ordinary photons will be emitted by a binary system.

The reason that gravity waves have not been detected is that electromagnetic waves (waves in space-time) have only a slight effect upon the vibration of matter i.e., the physical compression and stretching of matter by space-time curvature. Such effects are very slight. If short wavelength radiation makes an atom's electrons vibrate, do very low-frequency electromagnetic waves make entire planets giggle? It is presently believed that long-wavelength radiation interacts only weakly with matter.

Indeed, there should be compression and stretching caused by binary stars or black holes orbiting each other, but it is vastly easier to measure this phenomena as radio waves than with a interferometric detector.

There should be a slight effect on such a detector, but it is vastly simpler to measure such a phenomenon with a radio wave receiver. It will produce measurements that are of a much greater accuracy and reliability i.e., a radio telescope.

One of the consequences of the gravity text is that photons are related to gravitons. The gravitational field is a field of photon holes making up the space around a body. A photon hole is a graviton. Hence, gravity and electromagnetism (quantum mechanics) can be unified if the quanta of the curvature of space-time are actually photon holes, what the author believes are space particles.

Technically speaking, a massive object, cooled-down to close to absolute zero, emits no long-wavelength photons of its own, but its radiation void imparts forces to nearby quanta which provide impulses to bodies in the gravitational field. The effect is identical to that of a shower of such particles inward toward the massive body. Quantum gravity (as the author views it) is the interaction of ordinary objects with these incoming photons in the gravitational field and the competition between bodies for the photons between them.

Entropy And Particle Emission

The then graduate student Jacob Bekenstein made the revolutionary observation that the area of the event horizon and entropy were very similar concepts. This suggested that black holes have a temperature and, therefore, must emit radiation.

It is thought that random vacuum fluctuations of space-time can cause spinning black holes to emit radiation. Perhaps, similar to spontaneous emission in a fluorescent light bulb, it is ordinary radiation fluctuations (which are also space-time fluctuations) that cause black holes to emit particles. A black hole, therefore, may emit particles utilizing the same principle as fluorescent lighting! Black holes, hence, may spontaneously emit radiation by interacting with quantum vacuum background radiation. For more information about this idea, see the author's "Photon Emission" text. Link provided below.

Moreover, since (as is proposed here) gravitational radiation is also electromagnetic radiation, any gravity waves that are emitted by the black hole must be identical to ordinary radiation i.e., a black body spectrum. Thus, the black hole must emit radiation. Thus, Stephen Hawking's conclusions are correct.

However, either of the two methods above for radiation production by a black hole, appear more simple than Stephen Hawking's method using vacuum fluctuations outside the hole as the cause of particle outflow. In Hawking's view, particle-antiparticle pairs created from outside the event horizon of the black hole may become separated and one may fall-into the hole whilst the other may escape to infinity and become outward radiation.

Hawking proposes also that: "Another way of looking at the process is to regard the member of particles that falls into the black hole--the antiparticle, say--as being really a particle that is traveling backward-in-time. Thus, the antiparticle falling into the black hole can be regarded as a particle coming out of the black hole but traveling backward-in-time. When the particle reaches the point at which the particle-antiparticle pair originally materialized, it is scattered by the gravitational field so that it travels forward-in-time" (Hawking, 1993).

Hawking's somewhat awkward logic (in the author's opinion) of the last sentence above can be avoided if, in the case of photons, that one regards a photon traveling backward-in-time as actually being equivalent to a constituent of matter. Hence, the emission of backward-in-time photons by a black hole is equivalent to the emission of particles of matter by the hole. So, a black hole emits particles of matter constantly. The author's reasoning that backward-in-time photons are equal to matter is discussed further in the "Matter As Photon Holes" as well as the "Photon Emission" texts at the links below.

Black holes can be pictured as imbalances of curvature in the Universe. The Universe seeks to reach equilibrium--flatness. In other texts, increasing entropy is pictured as the Universe increasing its flatness. Since curvature (the opposite of flatness) represents a decrease in entropy, a black hole must be a well-ordered state of the Universe. This is true of all other gravitational bodies as well--gravitational fields must be well-ordered states.

A black hole, as Thorne says, is "simplicity incarnate". Once it settles down to a quiescent state, the black hole is described essentially by three numbers; mass, angular momentum and its electric charge--its hairless! The hole, therefore, has no randomness whatsoever. This supports the picture described here that regions of high curvature, are very well-ordered. Hence, flat regions of empty space are the opposite; they have a high entropy.

Thus, if a box of gas with a high entropy were thrown into the black hole, the entropy of the Universe goes down (Hawking, 1996). The gas has the effect on the black hole of increasing the black hole's entropy, and decreasing its curvature. Thus, order is decreased. The surface area of the spherical horizon surrounding a black hole measures the black hole's entropy, and entropy is nothing more than the grand totality of lost information (Wheeler, 1998).

This essentially means that the second law of thermodynamics is never violated; even by a black hole! Despite the fact that the event horizon may become larger by the introduction of the new matter (gas) into the black hole, the black hole's curvature must still be flattened by a minute amount.

Black holes are the result of the Universe attempting to balance itself, although this can never take place because what is known as gravity can never leave our region of the Universe. A black hole always leaves its gravity behind.

Gravity can be visualized as an imbalance of the pressure of vacuum radiation. In general relativity, pressure can cause gravity, although it is a rather weak effect. The curvatures generated by pressures are all attempting to cancel-out to zero at the end of the Universe. However, since some particles are completely stable and never decay i.e., protons, electrons and their antiparticles, the unbalance of gravity must always exist within them.

Entropy is always increasing (as is flatness) as some cancellation of matter and radiation waves is always taking place. The expansion of the Universe is also increasing the flatness of the radiation waves (the red-shift) in the Universe. Hence, increasing entropy also can be linked to the Universe's expansion--as can the arrow of time. This is rather similar to what Stephen Hawking calls the "cosmological arrow" of time--the arrow of time in which the Universe is expanding rather than contracting (Hawking, 1996).

Hence, the "heat death" of the Universe, the state of maximum entropy, is essentially due to the Universe's expansion and red-shift--the flattening of the radiation in the Universe. The cosmic background now observed is evidence that the entropy in the Universe is indeed increasing. The arrow of time is, hence, related to the red-shift of the radiation since the Big Bang.

The lost energy by the expansion and cooling of the Universe is being absorbed by the gravitational fields in the Universe, regions of high order and curvature. This energy may be recycled into the Higgs fields as an aid in the production of new particles. The British mathematician Roger Penrose has speculated that an analogous entropy might also be associated with the gravitational fields of the Universe (Barrow, 1994). Since the gravitational field represents a curvature, the field itself is associated with entropy. However, a gravitational field is actually a decrease in entropy, an area of space-time more orderly than average.

Wormholes

A wormhole is a temporary zero fluctuation of the space-time vacuum. Where the radiation void exists, a wormhole is opened-up, a tunnel through hyperspace. Where there is a zero-fluctuation, there is also gravity because the radiation void is gravity by definition. The absence of radiation pressure (negative radiation pressure) creates a wormhole. A wormhole is temporary gravity without the presence of any matter.

The author is of the opinion that general relativity is incomplete and somewhat conservative in its treatment of wormholes. These phenomena are vastly more common than is generally realized. All matter of a significant size has, at its center of mass, a wormhole large enough to send incoming gravitational radiation into hyperspace.

Time travel, it is claimed, is possible if a wormhole can be held-open. It is also claimed that a wormhole can be held-open by what are called "exotic materials". In the viewpoint presented by this text, such materials should consist of materials (or conditions) that cancel-out long-wavelength radiation. This could be radiation that is exactly out-of-phase with ordinary radiation generating a void.

For example, in the (rather famous) two-slit experiment with visible light, the wave fronts can interfere destructively with each other (as they pass through the slits) yielding blackness. Thus, light + light = blackness. The two waves, hence, must be exactly out-of-phase with each other in order to cancel-out in this fashion. This is exactly what is required for a wormhole to be held-open. In the context of particle interactions, this can be viewed as a particle interacting with its opposite, for example, a photon with a photon hole (or matter with antimatter) yielding a wormhole. See the "Space-Grid" text at the link below for further details.

Background radiation must be precisely canceled-out by other out-of-phase radiation that can be purposefully introduced (by any time and space travelers). At the place where these two types of radiation might interact, the void is increased because cancellation (and close to zero radiation pressure at this point) causes space-time to bend (or warp) into a tunnel through hyperspace--even when there is no matter present!

It has been proposed by others that such "exotic materials" might consist of vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. These are viewed as a promising form of exotic materials that can hold-open a wormhole. Another possibility is that time-reversed radiation could somehow be produced, which also might cancel-out ordinary long-wavelength radiation. Perhaps, out-of-phase radiation is time-reversed radiation, ordinary radiation traveling backward-in-time.

Indeed, this is somewhat reminiscent of R. P. Feynman's (and others) theory of positrons (positively charged electrons) being electrons traveling backward-in-time. At the quantum level, the laws of physics are time-symmetric and time-travel is commonplace. Thus, that photons can travel backward-in-time, should also not be surprising.

Hence, in the regions where cancellation of light with light occurs (light + light = blackness), the two slit experiment might be explained as photons being out-of-phase and canceling ordinary quanta, yielding blackness.

The author is in general agreement with the finding that exotic materials can hold open a wormhole, if the proposed fluctuations yield a negative radiation pressure effect i.e., the author's picture of gravity. If vacuum fluctuations do generate negative radiation pressure without the presence of matter, a wormhole to another place and time in the Universe might be possible.

Another possibility for time-travel (and perhaps, this is a far better method than that above!) via a wormhole, could be a shell the size of a small planet made of neutron-star matter or some other highly-dense materials. The density of the shell of neutron star matter would have the effect of blocking or shielding the incoming radiation from passing into the open-spaces within the shell. This shielding creates an artificial wormhole at the shell's center of mass, which is an open-space at the center of the shell.

Hence, a permanent wormhole is created where there is no matter at all. Perhaps, this wormhole might be large enough to for a body or spaceship to enter. If tidal forces are limited by the quantum gravity proposal stated above, perhaps, they will not tear-apart a space-traveler who enters the permanently-open wormhole. This idea has its own text; See the "Space Portal" text at the link below.

In the author's work on relativity and inertia, it appears possible that a wormhole is opened-up when an object is actually at the speed of light. The forward motion of the object, therefore, accumulates the exotic materials mentioned above. The object falls-into the void at its leading edge and into the wormhole. This is equivalent to the accumulation of exotic materials that can cancel-out long-wavelength background radiation. A wormhole, hence, can be created also by an object's forward motion. Since an ordinary object can never reach the speed of light (according to Einstein), falling into a wormhole by one's forward motion can never actually happen in practice. See inertia and relativity text link below for further details.

Wormholes might also be at the core of all matter (as in the shell example above). This viewpoint gives the incoming radiation that makes-up the quantum gravitational field (described in the gravity text) a place to go. The incoming radiation, hence, is attracted to the radiation void and "falls" into a higher dimensional hyperspace--a wormhole. If this were true, all matter contains a wormhole within, at the center of mass. The wormhole, perhaps, is the center of mass--a singularity of sorts. Perhaps, this is the reason that Newton found (and proved) that objects behave as if all of their mass is concentrated at their centers. This was no coincidence.

On the downside, much of the author's work suggests that five dimensional hyperspace is not a very appealing place to travel through. It is the realm (the author believes) of the Higgs fields, the storehouses for matter and radiation. Light, sparks, flames etc. come to our dimensions from the Higgs fields in hyperspace. Hence, if a time-traveler wanted to travel through a wormhole through these hyperspace dimensions, he/she had better have on a fire-protected suit. The fifth dimension is very hot!

White Holes

Since the laws of physics are symmetric with respect to time, where there is a black hole, there must be also a white hole. Indeed, in particular solutions of general relativity, white holes are even predicted. If a black hole is an object that things fall into but not out of, a white hole is an object that things can come out of but not fall into. Hence, one might be able to jump into a black hole and come out of a white hole (Hawking, 1993). If, as stated above, there are physical limits to the tidal forces of a black hole, one might survive such a trip with out being stretched-out to infinity. Thus, quantum gravity perhaps allows the possibility of the wormhole and white hole schemes for time and space travel.

Recent Black Hole Evidence

Recent black hole data gathered by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory spacecraft indicate that black holes are far more common than was previously believed. The photos taken in X-ray light show that super-massive black holes appear to be located at the cores of galaxies. These black holes appear to be emitting X-rays as surrounding gas near the core is falling into them. Chandra's data show that there are at least twice as many black holes as were counted in visible light studies (Cowen, 2000).

Conclusion

Many of the predictions proposed by this text are not testable in the foreseeable future. This is because of the apparent lack of black holes in our solar neighborhood. Hence, these consequences will have to wait until the technology allows the close examination of actual black holes. The consequences of this model will be summarized here despite this lack of testability:

1) A singularity may be a Lorentz-Fitzgerald contracted object and its size is relative to the observers frame of reference.

2) A singularity is actually a radiation void, the important component necessary for gravity. The matter associated with the gravity component has departed this region of the Universe and into hyperspace. Matter may be photon hole structures. Singularities may be absolutely pure single photon holes devoid of radiation.

3) The radiation void may be colored. It may be red at the edges and blue toward the center. If a singularity is not only a point in space-time, the singularity may appear this way to an observer inside the event horizon.

4) Tidal forces near a singularity are not infinite (as predicted by general relativity). That a perfect radiation vacuum is not possible, places limitations on the power of tidal forces. This deeper understanding of singularities is not possible without a quantum description of gravity.

5) Black holes are not black. The works on darkness/blackness predict that a black hole will appear like nothing else in human experience. See darkness/blackness texts below and/or the descriptions above.

6) High density stars, such as neutron stars, can shield incoming long-wavelength radiation leading to an increase in apparent gravity. This increases the possibility of a stellar implosion into a black hole.

7) Gravity and mass may feed into each other, leading to the conclusion that some less massive stars than is presently believed may become black holes.

8) Gravity waves are ordinary radiation. Gravitons, thus, are photon holes, what the author sees as space (see "Quantum Space" link below). Radiation is the disturbance in the local alignment of space particles resulting in a wave in space-time.

9) Black holes emit radiation in a similar fashion that a fluorescent bulb emits light. The hole interacts with vacuum background radiation.

10) If black holes normally emit gravity waves and gravity waves are actually ordinary radiation (as in # 8 above), then black holes must emit radiation.

11) Backward-in-time photons emitted by a black hole may be equivalent to matter being emitted by the hole.

12) A wormhole is a temporary zero-radiation fluctuation void which is a gravity tunnel or well--the bending of space-time into hyperspace.

13) For the sake of all those would-be time-travelers "out-there", a wormhole can be held-open by radiation exactly out-of-phase with the ordinary radiation present in space-time. Such radiation cancels-out the available radiation, generating a region devoid of radiation and radiation pressure--the cause of gravity. A void is a wormhole. A wormhole is opened-up because the void bends space-time, as the text on gravity suggests. See also the "Space Portal" text at the link below.

Acknowledgment

I wish to thank Dr. Kip Thorne for writing his wonderful book on black holes. Much information was acquired from this book. See reference below.

Important Links (In Order Of Relevance):

Quantum Gravity: http://www.johnkharms.com/gravitation.htm

Quantum Space: http://www.johnkharms.com/space.htm

Quantum Space And General Relativity: http://www.johnkharms.com/GTR.htm

Matter As Photon Holes: http://www.johnkharms.com/matter.htm

The Space Portal: http://www.johnkharms.com/portal.htm

The Space-Grid: http://www.johnkharms.com/grid.htm

Darkness/Blackness in three texts: http://www.johnkharms.com/Black.htm --a history.

and also: http://www.johnkharms.com/darkness.htm --discussion of black holes toward the end. Also: http://www.johnkharms.com/infrared.htm

Photon Emission Via Vacuum Interactions: http://www.johnkharms.com/photon.htm

Inertia And Relativity Unification: http://www.johnkharms.com/inertia.htm

Electricity And Magnetism: http://www.johnkharms.com/eandm.htm

Flames, Entropy And Space-Time Curvature: http://www.johnkharms.com/flames.htm

Interesting Symmetries: http://www.johnkharms.com/symmetry.htm

Particle Decay: http://www.johnkharms.com/decay.htm

More About The Higgs Fields And The Universe's Expansion: http://www.johnkharms.com/inflation.htm

Go To HOME

References

Barrow, J. D., 1994, The Origin Of The Universe, Basic Books, New York, P. 28-29

Cowen, R., January 15, 2000, Science News, A Science Service Publication, Washington D.C., Vol. 157, P. 36

Cowen, R., May 12, 2001, Science News, A Science Service Publication, Washington D. C., Vol. 159, P. 293

Ferris, T., 1988, Coming Of Age In The Milky Way, William Morrow & Co., Inc., New York, P. 346

Hawking, S. W., 1996, A Brief History Of Time, Tenth Anniversary Edition, Bantam Books, New York, P. 106-108, 149

Hawking, S. W., 1993, Black Holes And Baby Universes (And Other Essays), Bantam Books, New York, P. 108, 119

Thorne, K. S., 1994, Black Holes & Time Warps, W. W. Norton & Co., New York

Wheeler, J. A., 1998, Geons, Black Holes & Quantum Foam, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, P. 341

Reader's Note: Proper References And/Or Acknowledgments To This Text Are Appreciated.