antimatter

The Mirror-Image Of This Text Is The "Matter" Text Located At: http://www.johnkharms.com/matter.htm .

Why Antimatter Is Rare In The Universe

Is Antimatter Composed Of Massive Photons?

Does Antimatter Have Antigravity?

Does The Matter Equation For Kinetic Energy As 1/2mv^2 Suggest Antimatter?

By: John K. Harms

Email: harmsjk3@earthlink.net

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Kinetic Energy Update: August 2004

Abstract:

The proposal is put-forth that both matter and antimatter are contained in every wave of matter. The reason that the antimatter aspects of the wave (although present) are actualized much more rarely is that antimatter is a photon composite structure i.e., composed of massive photon particles. Compared to photon holes (composing ordinary matter) which tend to attract each other, such "photon" composite structures (or antimatter) are inherently less-stable. This is due largely to the repulsive effect of photons verses the general attractiveness of photon holes. Thus, it can be understood that antimatter is composed of massive photons, whilst ordinary matter is composed of massive photon holes; the position held in other texts. This might be viewed as a kind of unification of photons with antimatter; how they both are related to each other. Therefore, in this proposal, individual photons are the building blocks of antimatter. From the author's view of gravity (being related to negative radiation pressure), antimatter, therefore, must contain antigravity or a positive radiation pressure effect. This becomes a possibly testable consequence of this model. Thus, antimatter has positive energy and radiation pressure, whereas ordinary matter has negative energy and pressure. The recent experiment of colliding electrons with photons has resulted in electron-positron pairs is also discussed. Some equations and an image to further discuss the author's ideas are also put-forth within the text, as well as some of the consequences of this model. Do the equations for kinetic energy also suggest antimatter? Furthermore, the equation for classical kinetic energy (1 / 2mv^2) perhaps suggests that one cannot speak about matter, without connecting it with antimatter; both being created in a perfect symmetry at the beginning of the Universe. That analysis is also provided within this text.

Key Words: Matter, Antimatter, Mass, Photons, Photon Holes, Antigravity, Kinetic Energy

Introduction

It is usually assumed that the primary reason that there is so little antimatter in the Universe is that the irregularities in the Big Bang somehow initially created more matter than antimatter. But what if there really is the same amount of antimatter as matter at all times, but we just cannot see or measure it. The particles we think of as antimatter, although always present as aspects of the electromagnetic wave, are rarely actualized. That is the gist of the scenario proposed here.

Furthermore, such particles of antimatter (although present within the electromagnetic wave at all times) do actualize into particles much more rarely on-average because these particles are composed of photons. These photons would have mass and be rare. These arrangements of massive photons (antiparticles) would also be inherently unstable because photons in-general are repulsive toward each other, whilst photon holes as matter in-general are not. Negative pressure photon holes, therefore, tend to attract each other and are better able to fabricate larger pieces of matter. So, most of the constituent photons that would compose the antimatter in the Cosmos, exist better by themselves as individual entities or quanta building blocks, than as more complex particle structures.

A close look at the equation for kinetic energy may in fact suggest antimatter, if one is able to see it in that fashion. That analysis is given here in this text.

The Matter/Antimatter Relationship With Photons And Photon Holes

As proposed in the author's "Photon Emission" text, the following equation describes the relationship of matter, antimatter and radiation. While in the photon emission text the photons alone are the primary focus, in this text it is the matter/antimatter relationship along with photons and photon holes. These are essentially the entities in the text that are more closely scrutinized. The author views this relationship as:

Equation # 1)--

Radiation (spin polarization right-hand, in-phase, backward-in-time)--"Photon Holes"

+ Matter (spin polarization right-hand, in-phase, forward-in-time)--"Photon Holes"

+ Antimatter (spin polarization left-hand, out-of-phase, backward-in-time)--"Photons"

+ Radiation (spin polarization left-hand, out-of-phase, forward-in-time)--"Photons"

= 0

The above equation can also be understood graphically in-terms of the Maxwellian electromagnetic field as:

One might picture for a moment the Y's and Z lines' above as waves in-oscillation first up and then down, and this wave propagating along in the X direction to the point of destination. Antimatter is always present as part of the electromagnetic wave, but due to the inherent instability and massiveness of the photon composite structures (compared to that of massive photon "hole" structures), the actualization of antimatter particles is vastly more rare in the Cosmos. More details about the above electromagnetic field model are given in the "Space-Grid" text at the link below.

Hence, it can be understood above that photons, like antimatter, have cancellation partners--the photon holes, and photon holes, when given mass by the Higgs mechanism, composes pieces of matter, whereas massive photons compose the antimatter structures. The two-slit experiment can be understood as photons canceling with holes or matter with antimatter. See the "Space-Grid" text also for more about the two-slit experiment. That matter is composed of photon holes is described in greater detail in the "Matter As Photon Holes" text also at the link below.

From simplifying Equation # 1 above, it can be understood that the relationship of matter with antimatter might be viewed as:

Equation # 2)--

Matter (spin polarization right-hand, in-phase, forward-in-time)---"Photon Holes"

+ Antimatter (spin polarization left-hand, out-of-phase, backward-in-time)---"Photons"

= 0

As we will subsequently see, the first line in equation # 1: "Radiation (spin polarization right-hand, in-phase, backward-in-time)" is equivalent to radiation traveling backward-in-time or photon holes--which may be perceptual darkness. See the "Photon Hole Darkness Hypothesis" at the link below.

Moreover, matter can be understood to be composed of massive photon holes (photons traveling backward-in-time that comply with the Higgs mechanism), whilst antimatter is composed of ordinary forward-in-time massive photons.

The underlying logic behind photon and photon hole with matter/antimatter can be understood as:

If: A) Photon Holes + Photons = 0

And: B) Matter + Antimatter = 0

Then, by comparing # 1 and # 2---both items on left and on right: Photon Holes = Matter, And: Photons = Antimatter.

So, charge may enter into this also by:

C) A Charge + Its Opposite = 0

More about these symmetries in the "Interesting Symmetries" text at the link below.

Hence, from "B" above it can be seen that matter cancels antimatter when they do interact and annihilate. Thus, the structures that makeup matter (massive photon holes) cancel-out the structures that compose antimatter (massive photons). However, this cancellation of photons and holes can never be totally efficient, so we observe only the photon remnants that are not canceled. This is because we cannot observe the leftover holes from the annihilation, unless new matter particles are also fabricated. Thus, the leftover energy from the somewhat incomplete process of annihilation are only the photons. If, however, the annihilation is at very high-energies, the massive photon holes leftover may also form new matter particles as well.

When the annihilation is at high energies, the high-speed particles can accumulate vacuum photon holes as momentum does increase (due to mc^2). Hence, the matter may accumulate greater numbers of photon holes from the vacuum as speed increases close to c. During annihilation, these accumulations tend not to cancel-out, but may contribute to the fabrication of new particles. More about this in the "Matter As Photon Holes" text at the link below.

Energy is conserved in this process, because both photons and holes leave the Universe simultaneously by cancellation. The principle is obeyed that: Photons + Photon Holes = 0, thus, the Cosmos at all times has a zero-energy balance.

This annihilation takes place at the level of spin, phase as well as the direction-in-time. There is, thus, in the image above a quite perfect and beautiful symmetry to the relationship between matter, antimatter, photons and photon holes. The sticking point is the Higg's mechanism, which hopefully physicists will learn more about in time. This model predicts that the difference between massive bodies and those without mass has to do with the frequencies and wave phases of the particles in relationship to the Higgs or a similar mechanism.

The electromagnetic grid above can be understood as a displacement of the time-direction about the zero-point of these canceling opposites. Hence, these opposing elements arise out of imbalances in the fabric of space (which previously was equal to zero) when a charged particle sets the grid (or field) into vibration. Again, however, this balance always sums to zero.

As seen in Equation # 1 above, both forward and backward-in-time quanta exist as elements (or aspects) of the electromagnetic wave traveling throughout space. Photons are pictured by the author as minute distortions of space or equivalently as related to the quanta associated with space. See the "Photon Emission" text for further details of the author's view of photons. Link provided below.

Matter And Energy

A recent experiment by a team of twenty physicists from four institutions at the SLAC particle accelerator in California has demonstrated that it is possible, not only to convert matter into energy (which is commonplace), but also photons into particles i.e., electrons and positrons. High-energy electrons accelerated to near the speed-of-light were collided with a tiny but powerful sliver of light from a terawatt laser lasting only about one trillionth of a second (one picosecond) ---just half a millimeter long. Packed into this sliver were more than two billion billion photons. The synchronized beams met head-on and one of the photons was knocked backward with such tremendous energy that it collided with several densely-packed photons behind it. An electron and positron were created as a result (Reference at: http://www.hep.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/e144/slacip.jpg ).

In this text, this is easily explained (and logically follows) as the collision with the electron forcing a shift in the phase of the photon it collided with. Hence, the impacted photon became essentially out-of-phase with the rest of the photons. An out-of-phase high-energy photon can be understood (as mentioned above) to be equivalent to a photon hole or a piece of matter. Note in the image above that a complete phase-shift of the grid, transforms a massive photon (or antimatter) to a massive photon hole (or matter).

Since the rules for new matter creation require that matter and antimatter both must enter the Universe equally and at the same time [and that the electromagnetic wave has both photons (antimatter) as well as photon hole (matter) aspects], both an electron and a positron must be the result i.e., antimatter + matter = 0. Thus, as discussed above, when photons become precisely out-of-phase, they become matter. Moreover, this experiment is in-essence a demonstration that photons and photon holes are linked with matter and antimatter in an essential (and undeniable) fashion.

As in other experiments, if a particular medium permits faster-than-light speeds for a photon, matter may be the end result. The medium, therefore, blocks particular aspects of the wave allowing only faster-than-light backward-in-time photons to pass through it. Thus, a building block for antimatter (a photon with mass) becomes a building block for ordinary matter, a backward-in-time massive photon hole. Conversely, the vacuum itself must block the faster-than-light aspects of the wave.

It is worthy of note that there is a significant difference between electromagnetic photons at the speed of light and those making-up antimatter. As mentioned earlier, the photons comprising antimatter comply with the Higgs or a similar mechanism which grants mass (and inertial effects) to a particle, while the photons traveling at c do not. The actual reason for why some photons acquire mass and operate always below light-speed, whilst others do not, still remains a mystery to this author.

It has been demonstrated experimentally that a photon can be slowed down to below light speed to a relative halt. The photon has not only slowed, but it may have also gained rest mass and inertia in the process. This may hold the key to producing large quantities of antimatter, the building blocks of which are these massive photons.

Electrical Charge

As in the "Matter As Photon Holes" text, electrical charge, whether it be positive or negative, should be related to the energies of photons or photon holes composing the matter or antimatter particles, to the similar energies of the photon holes in the background space. Due to identical energies, the oscillations of charged particles brings the surrounding space into vibration. Similar to matter and photon holes, there must be two types of photons--positive and negative, that create positive and negative charge. These are the photons and the photon holes associated with the electromagnetic wave as in the image above. This is the case for the photon holes and matter as well.

It is worthy of notice that these two types of photons and photon holes may be those associated with electric and magnetism as in the image above. Hence, positive and negative charge (which vibrates the space background in opposite directions) may be associated with the two photons and holes on the electric and magnetic lines. The author recommends close study of image above to better visualize this conception.

So, both matter and antimatter may have two types of particles that make them up--photons and photon holes that each come in electric and magnetic varieties. The author believes that there is an interesting symmetry to this picture of particles and electrical charge. See the "Matter As Photon Holes" text at the link below for further details.

Why Is Any Antimatter Observed At All?

It is notable that (for example) in each electron or positron wave created, the wave contains as an integral part of the wave--its opposite partner. Thus, each electron contains also a positron wave component and each positron, an electron wave component embedded within it. When such waves are actualized by a measurement, their wave function's collapse and the particle aspects of the wave become apparent i.e., location, velocity etc..

The reason that antimatter exists (or can be created) in an accelerator or a cosmic ray shower is that the principle of conservation of electric charge requires it. If an electron is actualized from particle decay energy, there must also be a positron to accompany it. The zero-point is, therefore, polarized. Hence, electron = 0 = positron --there is, thus, a polarization of opposites and because in the newly fabricated electron, a negative electric charge was created; a positive electric charge (the positron) must also be brought into existence to accompany the electron.

Therefore, the conservation of electric charge forces in a few cases the existence of antimatter (despite its overall massiveness, rarity and instability). The quantum vacuum also creates new particle/antiparticle pairs, but only for a relatively short duration. Besides these few exceptions, antimatter can only rarely be isolated and actualized from an ordinary matter wave. Only when particle decay (or other similar processes) takes place is the creation of antimatter possible.

Kinetic Energy As Mathematical Evidence For Antimatter--Section Added August 2004

"Kinetic energy as given to be 1 / 2mc^2 may provide mathematical evidence for antimatter. How? If one assumes that there can be a Unification of the Einstein relation E = mc^2 and K. E. = 1 / 2mv^2, then one might ask the key question; where does the "1 / 2" come from? Thus, "v" may simply become "c" at the speed of light, for example, for all photons of light, whereas may "v" apply only to matter particles at below the speed of light. Then, there can be a kind of Unification of these two equations. See also the "Electricity" text at the link below for a deeper explanation.

But, again, where does the "1 / 2" come from, a key difference between the two equations. For the author, the "1 / 2" suggests that there are two particles and not one that appear in the equation. This other particle is antimatter. So, 1 / 2 + 1 / 2 = 1 (m). That is, matter + antimatter = mass in the equation. Antimatter has mass precisely like its matter partner does. Hence, the 1 / 2 mv^2 is only describing half of the mass present in the equation. That is why there is no present Unification now.

And so, symmetrically speaking, one cannot actually talk about matter in the 1 / 2mv^2 equation, without also including its mirror-image (antimatter), created in a symmetrical fashion at the beginning of the Universe! One can see that matter + antimatter = 0, both perhaps created out of nothing in the Big Bang event. In this equation (M + A = 0), the matter and antimatter aspects may apply most likely to spin (although electrical charge may also be a possibility), which both are precisely opposite values (but surprisingly, precisely "1 / 2" in the case of spin). This fact might not be coincidental, but (perhaps) a hidden prediction made by the classical kinetic energy equation. Thus, a classical equation may have something to say about particle spin ---- Wow!

Whilst "1 / 2m" probably applies exclusively to "mass", both of which are positive values for matter as well as in an antimatter particle i.e., so, 1 / 2 + 1 / 2 = 1. Therefore, some logical sense can be made out of both of these equations, if they do happen to apply to the different characteristics of matter compared with antimatter. So, while the charge and spin of matter and antimatter are measured to be exactly opposite, the masses are found to be both positive values --- why not also a negative mass in antimatter remains a mystery, at least from this author's perspective.

At the speed of light, photons, the author has proposed have a partner also, but it may be the photon "hole". The photon can fall into the hole (if it is of the proper frequency) and may simply disappear. So, no "1 / 2" is required for the at the speed of light situation. Thus, we find mc^2 (and not 1 / 2mv^2) at the speed of light. The author, therefore, believes that 1 / 2mv^2 provides evidence for antimatter for all below the speed of light particles as stated above"

Conclusion

This model leads to the following probable consequences:

1) From Equation # 2 above and the image as shown in the text, it can be understood that matter and antimatter are composed of photon holes and photons respectively, exactly out-of-phase waves from each other. It is notable that these associated particle constituents have precisely an opposite spin-polarization as well. This leads to a cancellation known as annihilation.

2) Matter and antimatter accompany each other in the same matter wave.

3) Antimatter is made of massive photons.

4) Antimatter, being composed of photons with a positive energy density, has antigravity. The author associates antigravity with a positive radiation pressure and photons. Gravity, as seen in other texts, is a negative radiation pressure caused by photon holes.

5) As seen graphically in the provided image above, out-of-phase photons equals (photon holes) matter. This provides an explanation for the experiment of colliding high-energy electrons with photons resulting in electron-positron pairs. See the description above.

6) If one asks the relevant question, where is all the antimatter in the Universe? Given this model, one arrives (in this author's opinion) at a somewhat reasonable answer; it is in all the free massive photons throughout the Universe! Thus, massive photons are the building blocks of antimatter, that did not assemble into antimatter because of their rarity and photons largely do not attract each other (but are repulsive to each other due to positive radiation pressure). The photon's opposite (backward-in-time) twin, the massive photon hole, is different in the fact that negative-energy photon holes are produced by photon emission and they also tend to attract each other. Hence, massive photon holes may fabricate larger and more-complex structures, the quarks and leptons, whilst the massive photons cannot. See the "Matter As Photon Holes" text at the link below for further details.

7) The kinetic energy formula 1 / 2mv^2 may provide evidence for antimatter. See the discussion in the last section above for further details. See also the "Electricity" text below for a deeper analysis.

Relevant Links

The Space-Grid: http://www.johnkharms.com/grid.htm

Photon Emission: http://www.johnkharms.com/photon.htm

Matter As Photon Holes: http://www.johnkharms.com/matter.htm

The Photon Hole Darkness Hypothesis: http://www.johnkharms.com/darkhole.htm

Interesting Symmetries: http://www.johnkharms.com/symmetry.htm

Particle Decay: http://www.johnkharms.com/decay.htm

The Mirror Universe: http://www.johnkharms.com/mirror.htm

Electricity: http://www.johnkharms.com/electricity.htm

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Reader's Note: Proper References And/Or Acknowledgments To This Text Are Appreciated