Wave Biology--Plant Growth

This Text Was Written In Mid July, 2003. It Is Yet Further Musings Concerning Matter Waves In Various Fields Of Scientific Study Where Such Physics Is Still Applicable. As In Previous Works, The Author Advocates And Applies The Brilliant Work Of The French Physicist Louis De Broglie. So, The Author Has Extended The Work Of De Broglie Even Farther Beyond What The Insightful Frenchmen Had In Mind. The Author's Related De Broglie Texts To This One Might Be: http://www.johnkharms.com/wave-brain.htm , http://www.johnkharms.com/wave-reality.htm , http://www.johnkharms.com/senses.htm , http://www.johnkharms.com/brain-disorders.htm . Other Biologically-Related Texts Might Include: http://www.johnkharms.com/evolution.htm or http://www.johnkharms.com/whysex.htm . See Also The Important And Related Texts: http://www.johnkharms.com/electricity.htm And http://www.johnkharms.com/color.htm .

Wave Biology

Plant Growth; Frequency Cancellation And Reinforcement

Successful Photosynthesis And Phototropism Verses Plant Death

The Factors Involved In New Mass Fabrication In Plants

Does Vibrational Energy Fabricate New Carbohydrate Matter (E = mc^2)?

Wave Interfaces, Focus, Plant Growth Patterns And The Mandelbrot Set

Entropy And Wave Randomness Over Time As The Cause Of Limited Shelf-Life

Does Time-Lapsed Plant Growth Confirm The Author's Hypothesis?

Does A Relationship Exist Between Gravity And Electromagnetic Forces Utilizing This Approach?

Are Phototropism And Gravitropism Identical Effects?

Can The Author's Gravity Model Be Proved?

By: John K. Harms

Email: harmsjk3@earthlink.net

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Abstract:

Essentially, this text presents a "wave" picture for plant growth. It perhaps represents an alternative to the particle / chemical model of photosynthesis which has indeed served its purpose quite well over the years, but in terms of explanatory power may eventually be found to have some severe limitations. Yes, after many years of this somewhat single-minded viewpoint by biologists, it appears that this now may be the case. Henceforth, it is the goal of this text to fill some of the gaps still left open by the particle picture. In addition, this model proposes that successful growth factors as well as growth patterns in general may largely be dependent upon the interaction of light waves with waves of matter. From this now expanded perspective, Einstein's famous E = mc^2 equation might then be better understood when this wave picture of events is embraced. Thus, the total wave energy of the two wave systems (when added and in resonance) might be seen to be closely related to the mass growth that takes place times the speed of light squared i.e., Total Wave Energy = Mass Growth x c^2. Or, put differently, Mass Growth = Total Wave Energy / c^2. Indeed, a plants carbohydrate mass growth may occur strictly at the interface of these two wavelike phenomena, matter and light. And so, perhaps what we observe in the biological World may largely be the interface points of these two wavelike interaction systems with each other. This might also be understood in terms of the Mandelbrot set, a widely known mathematical oddity at present that has not been shown to be closely related to any known mechanism for plants or their growth. In this model, it might be suggested that the Mandelbrot set is indeed related to plant growth, a mechanism that will essentially be found to be of a wavelike nature. So, Mandelbrot fundamentally describes wave systems with each other. This model then can be viewed to be an adaptation of quantum theory, therefore, may follow directly from the ideas of de Broglie, the physicist who (in the author's opinion) made many of the major contributions that very important theory. Phototropism and gravitropism, when understood to be one single phenomenon, might be understood to connect gravity with electromagnetic forces; the suggested hypothesis in the author's work on gravity. The probable consequences for this wave model of plant growth are given at the end of the text.

Introduction

No acceptable theory presently exists to explain why plant growth takes place successfully in some cases, whilst fails to in yet others. Indeed, the farmers of the land can often be surprised when they have a successful growing season verses particular years when they do not. Hence, as yet, the significant factors involved in successful plant growth are not all that well understood by biologists.

So, according to present biological methods and analysis, the relevant factors (and a coherent picture) for the successful growth of the functioning plant may still be quite illusive. "Many of the details of how plants sense their environments and then respond with altered patterns of growth and development, are despite many years of research, poorly understood" (Curtis & Barnes, 1989).

Within this text, the author proposes a completely new plant growth model based upon de Broglie's idea of matter waves. That is, the matter waves which compose the material soil can (under ideal conditions) fabricate completely new carbohydrate plant matter. It is proposed that these physical processes may take place only when there is a reinforced interaction between the material soil with light waves. Therefore, what we call plant matter might lie at the extreme interfaces of two interactive wavelike systems; matter and radiation.

So, in the author's view, the ordinary water contained in plants (which is required in most all cases for plant growth, although this may vary somewhat) may function analogously to an electrolyte in a common battery. Indeed, in this view, water might be seen as the catalyst that fosters all new material plant growth. Considering this, the importance of water to a plant takes on a significantly new meaning.

Thusly, when adopting the wave viewpoint of plant growth, such growth can actually be understood to be much like the author's picture of electricity i.e., plant growth might be primarily electrical in nature; the interaction of two wavelike systems with each other. Henceforth, this picture becomes a kind of unification of plant growth with electrical phenomena. So, in this view, plant growth is in a way primarily electrical.

According to this text, the fundamental reason that plant growth has not been completely understood up to this point is that the "wave" picture of this process has largely been ignored. That is, until now, the particle viewpoint has reigned supreme, despite (in the author's opinion) its rather severe explanatory limitations. For example, the particle picture does not explain in any meaningful way the physical processes (or reasons) for successful plant growth.

Hence, as in quantum theory, the particle picture of events in this case grants one only half the story. The other half of the puzzle must necessarily be (when adopting a more quantum mechanical picture of events) the wave viewpoint, as complete a physical description as we are presently permitted. Furthermore, the author proposes that what we observe to be the notable growth patterns that exist so commonly in nature i.e., where and how stems and roots may sprout, may also result from the interface of material waves of the soil with that of light waves. Here again, this reaction would be fostered by the catalyzing agent of water acting as the essential electrolyte.

It might further be understood that these growth patterns associated with all plants (for example, where any new stem on a plant might arise on a plant) cannot actually be random events, but essentially are more of a chaotic nature. So, the author proposes additionally in this text that this kind of chaotic growth structure in nature is similar to the mathematical relationship widely known as the Mandelbrot set.

Indeed, in the case of plants, the Mandelbrot set might actually be a rather close physical description of the interface of two wave systems with each other. More specifically, waves of matter can interact with waves of radiation and produce unique (and quite characteristic) patterns of new growth. Therefore, these notable patterns might in fact be governed by Mandelbrot-like physical processes where these two kinds of wave systems do happen to come into contact.

Again, what we call plants might simply be the interface points in space of these two wavelike systems with each other. Yes, plants may simply be wave interaction points in space. Therefore, as stated above, how any plant in question can grow might be governed in a fundamental way by wavelike interactions. It should be noted that this is not the conventional picture presented by biologists, but will exclusively be the viewpoint espoused here within this document.

Is Plant Matter Fabrication Analogous To Electricity?

In the author's view of electricity, two matter waves of different frequency can interact with each other and electrons (the quanta of frequency) can commonly be exchanged between them. See the "Electricity" text at the link below for further details regarding these physical processes at work. In the case of plant growth, it is not matter and matter interacting with each other, but rather, matter with radiation (in most cases the wavelengths emitted by the Sun).

One might picture these new growth in plants as resulting primarily from wave resonance's. That is, when a wave of soil matter and a wave of radiation do go into a resonance state with each other i.e., they become self-reinforcing unified systems with each other, any available seeds planted in such soil can bring about new carbohydrate material growth, with O^2 as the byproduct.

Henceforth, this appears to demonstrate the well known Einsteinian rules for matter fabrication. Yes, in essence, the application of the equation E = mc^2 describes how new matter systems comes into existence seemingly "out of nothing", arising primarily from the combined energies of the two wavelike systems positively reinforcing each other. And so, ordinary water then becomes the fluid electrolyte medium for the rapid transfer of this interactive resonant energy. More about this process in the next section.

Photosynthesis, Wave Vibrations And E = mc^2

One application (among the many) of Einstein's famous equation E = mc^2 might be to describe new material growth in plants. That is, E = mc^2, where "E" equals energy, "m" is equivalent to matter and "c" is the speed of light-- indeed, this equation essentially describes the basic rules for many energy to matter conversion processes and vice versa. That is occurring here as well. So, this equation may also be interpreted as a description of new plant matter fabrication, once it can be understood that new plant growth results from wavelike interactions.

Traditionally, the conventional viewpoint has been that photosynthesis (in the particle-chemical approach) governs all physical processes as to how a plant can fabricate its own food utilizing available sunlight for new material growth. However, as we will come to understand, the particle approach (although it has very successful up to this point) perhaps has reached a kind of theoretical limit of sorts concerning its explanatory power i.e., so, the conventional picture essentially may have reached a kind of glass ceiling.

Henceforth, it will not be the intention of this author to dismiss in any way the particle (or chemical) approach for plant growth as being wholly incorrect, but rather to offer a very different "wave" picture which hopefully will widen the present scope of understanding, adding even more to the existing body of knowledge concerning plants and the factors for their successful growth. According to quantum mechanics, it is required that there must also exist a "wave" viewpoint for these kinds of physical processes, thus, a more complete (overall) description of events.

So, where the particle picture may fail to adequately describe particular mysteries about plants and plant growth (and often these gaps may be significant), the wave picture perhaps can fill-in these gaps and grant us a more complete picture. Essentially, that will remain the author's intention and the goal of this text--to explain a limited number of observations not now presently understood. Therefore, a working model will be developed here that wave interactions might describe certain observations, that are presently left unexplained by the particle / chemical approach.

Thusly, one might picture plant growth in the following way:

As in Einstein's relation E = mc^2, plant growth might essentially be understood as: Wave Energy = Mass Growth x c^2, or the mass growth of a plant may be roughly equal to the available resonant (added) wave energy divided by the speed of light squared i.e., Mass Growth = Resonant Wave Energy / c^2. However, in practice, the mass growth of a plant might be largely assessed in wavelike terms simply by analyzing the sum of the two wave forces involved (since they must reinforce each other for growth to occur).

C^2 is appropriate since we are speaking about light waves in this case, which operate exclusively at c, the speed of light. In other applications such as two matter wave systems with each other, it can be understood that c is less appropriate for this purpose and that the velocity of the wave (v) should be used i.e., E = mv^2. See the "Electricity" text at the link below for further details.

Henceforth, where a resonance state of Sunlight and matter does happen to take place (and there exists water electrolyte and plant DNA available), there may often be quite rapid plant growth. Such a self-reinforcing resonant system might yield significant energy available for rapid mass carbohydrate fabrication. But, on the other hand, a wave cancellation might be understood to be equivalent to a rapid plant death (which very often takes place in nature--a rather delicate balancing act). Indeed, plant death might occur for a large number of reasons. Both rapid growth and plant death are phenomena that are often observed in nature. More about this subsequently.

So, perhaps, successful photosynthesis essentially may be a harmonic frequency resonant state of incident light waves with plant matter and material (matter) air waves. The degree of successful plant photosynthesis may be dependent upon the degree of these kinds of matter and radiation and being in-phase with each other. Where plant waves and radiation waves become 180 degrees out-of-phase with each other, the plant then dies and refuses any further mass growth.

Therefore, photosynthesis can be understood in the wavelike terms as described above, or also in the chemical approach (for one example in sulfur bacteria) as: CO^2 + 2H2S ------ light----- (CH2O) + H2O + 2S. Hence, light waves can interact and go into a resonant state with both CO^2 in the environment (a material substance present in the air) as well as the molecules in the sulfur bacteria (2H2S) to entirely rearrange the molecules into new substances that plants can then utilize in their further growth. It is notable that one of these byproducts is water that the plant may use for the promotion of further resonance reactions in nearby molecules (Curtis & Barnes, 1989).

Thusly, it can be understood that resonance's in essence may break the bonds of existing molecules creating new substances that a plant may then utilize as food. The electrolyte water may then assist in further reactions nearby. So, as in a car battery, water may act as a catalyzing agent to promote more electrically-based resonance's'. These essentially may be electron rearrangements by the plant forming new kinds of carbohydrate matter. These basic transfers of energy (being electron wavelets) must always be essentially electrical in nature. Indeed, plant photosynthesis may be analogous to the process of lead acid batteries that is common in cars.

Wave Factors And Growth

It is commonly observed that too much or too little water i.e., an incorrect electrolyte balance, or too much light i.e., too high of a wave amplitude, or too little light (not enough amplitude) are common factors that can bring about the halting of growth in a plant. Hence, in many plants, we are fundamentally speaking about an extremely delicate growth system that relies in an essential way upon proper wave-phases being in-tune (or in focus) i.e., frequencies and wavelengths as well as wave speed (which for light is at a constant c). However, when all these factors are not in a proper balance, then significant plant growth may simply not take place.

Therefore, in the wave picture, fertilizers which can often enrich the soil to foster new growth might be understood to do their work by refocusing the matter wave of a plant to be in-phase again (based upon the above factors) with the incident light waves at c. So, when the key nutrient (usually Nitrogen) does become eventually exhausted, the plant's matter wave factors may become shifted out-of-phase again and growth may tend to halt or significantly degrade.

Nitrogen exhaustion in the soil or also on the shelf can be seen to be the scrambling or randomness of the focused waves that compose the fertilizer. So, Nitrogen, works also by shifting of these wave phase factors in the soil. But, Nitrogen may slowly lose this wave reinforcing ability and this might be an effect due to the natural process of entropy. Since all wave tend to spread out over time (and the author views this as an effect of entropy), the entropy effect may be due to the expansion of the waves in the Universe.

Henceforth, it can be understood that since waves may often lose their focus and spread out their wavelengths over time (also an effect of entropy--the expansion and stretching of the waves in the Universe) that this may be the fundamental reason that fertilizers or other manufactured drugs almost always have a shelf life. Therefore, whether on the shelf or in the ground, over time a fertilizer tends to shift out-of-focus and out-of-phase with light waves. Thusly, the absorption of fertilizer by a plant may simply cause a shift of the phase of the soil to a successful pattern for growth. And so, fertilizers may simply refocus the matter waves of the soil.

As alluded to above and to generalize this hypothesis somewhat, perhaps, all drugs that have a shelf life, lose their effectiveness primarily because of the process of entropy and the stretching of waves in the Universe over time i.e., the waves tend to flatten out. The manufacturing process, therefore, acts primarily to counter entropy (the products, however, must locally be more ordered decreasing entropy). Yes, food and drugs can act simply to add order to living systems which themselves are basically ordered systems. But, the manufacturing process itself (which produces disorderly heat) most always increases entropy vastly more than the products that can be produced. So, in the system as a whole, entropy may tend to always increase itself. See the "Entropy" text at the link below for further details about the author's somewhat different view of entropy.

Henceforth, it can be understood that weed killers or herbicides do their jobs mostly via wave cancellations. That is, the ingredients present in herbicides are purposely designed to be focused at close to 180 degrees out-of-phase with the incident light waves (although the manufacturers mostly do not now realize this fact --they only know that their products can do their jobs successfully). And so, herbicides can alter the wave factors of the plant (in some cases only particular plants--and every plant may have their own characteristic operational wave factors).

Hence, each kind of herbicide may operate at its own wave frequency factors to annihilate the particular "undesirable" target plant or group of plants in question--plant death. Each chemical herbicide, therefore, can be understood to add particular wave "factors" to the soil itself (or on the plant leaves) that will bring about plant death when there exists an interaction with visible light or other available background radiation.

Phototropism, Plant Survival And Auxin In The Wave Picture

The phenomena known as phototropism, whereby a plant move toward incident light or in some cases away from it, is describable in the wave picture in the following way:

1) Plants seek to maximize their growth potential (through resonance's) and, hence, increase their chances for individual survival.

2) Plants, therefore, move toward or away from incident light in attempts to maximize their resonant states. So, in some cases, the resonant state of a plant may tend to increase when the plant points itself away from incoming light. Yes, in some cases too much light can kill a plant--the resonance's themselves may be too intense causing extensive physical damage to the plant. Furthermore, too much or too little water may also affect growth maximization. Much of these factors often depend upon what kind of natural environments in which the plant species in question has successfully evolved.

In the chemical / particle picture, it is now known that hormones are involved in the regulation of plant growth. For example, in phototropism (as described above), the hormone known as Auxin is thought to be responsible for this phenomenon. It is known that Auxin can excite or inhibit plant growth by aiming a plant toward or away from a source of light (Curtis & Barnes, 1989). Hence, it is through this process utilizing Auxin, that an individual plant may maximize its wave resonance's for the fabrication of new carbohydrate plant matter.

Furthermore, Auxin is also thought to involved in the sprouting of new shoots and roots (Curtis & Barnes, 1989). Hence, Auxin may be involved in carrying out the physical processes for how a plant "decides" precisely what growth patterns it will follow. The author proposes here that this processes is due also to the wave interaction of matter with light. See also the subsequent section below concerning Mandelbrot growth patterns for further details.

Electromagnetic And Gravity Unification?

It can be seen from the author's work on gravity that incident electromagnetic waves (consisting of photons) can, when attracted to the radiation void of the Earth, cause the effect known as gravity. That is, incoming vacuum photons create a pressure upon us, gluing us to the surface of the Earth. If this can be so, then the phenomena known as gravitropism and phototropism may be connected i.e., they are identical phenomena. This might be possible in the following way:

Gravitropism is the phenomena whereby a plant appears to "know" what direction to grow against gravity upward. Phototropism is a similar phenomena where a plant heads itself toward (or more rarely) away from a light source. Not surprisingly, both of these phenomena are thought to involve Auxin to turn the direction of the plant. If gravity is simply incoming photons from the vacuum of space, then both of these phenomena might indeed be related.

Hence, gravitropism is simply a phenomenon whereby incident photons from the vacuum of space are attracted to the void that is the Earth. And so, radiation may cause the plant movement direction in both cases; in both phototropism and gravitropism. Therefore, a kind of unification might be achieved of gravity with electromagnetic forces here in this model, but this time it can be observed in the common (and well described by biologists) behavior of plants.

Furthermore, this phenomena might appear to confirm the author's view of gravity as a radiation effect. So, might one actually be able to study plants to learn more about gravity as a radiation phenomena? Do these two (thought previously unrelated effects) add weight to the author's picture of gravity? These conclusions might be suggested by this model. See the "Gravitation" text for further information at the link below.

Plant Growth And Long Waves --Possible Physical Evidence For This Hypothesis

Usually contained in every wave system are the very long-wavelength low frequency waves. In general, this is true of ocean waves as well as electromagnetic waves in the Universe at large. Is there evidence for extremely low frequency waves in plant systems as well? The answer may be yes. The evidence for this may be demonstrated by the time-lapsed photography of plants during their rapid growth spurts. Yes, plants in time-lapse fast motion (visually when played back) pictures are often seen to wobble forward and backward (to and fro) as they arise from out of the ground and grow upward. Indeed, this is a common sight when the growth action is sped up by a time-lapsed camera revealing these strange (but characteristic) movements. Perhaps, the study of this phenomena by biological experimentalists might yield significant insight into the wavelike relationships that have been discussed within this document.

The author proposes that this commonly observed phenomenon in time-lapse takes place due to the wave nature of the growth patterns of most all plants. Hence, when the two wave systems of matter and light do interact there can then exist remnant long-wavelength growth "overtones" (that may be long-wavelength and very slow--but, only actually observable in time-lapse) that might be viewed as being the remaining features of long wavelengths. This might demonstrate with a greater certainty that plant growth are essentially wavelike. Therefore, the author proposes that what we commonly observe to be the to and fro growth patterns so common in time-lapsed photography may be due in large part to the wave characteristics of plant growth. That has been the proposal in this document.

Plant Growth Patterns And The Mandelbrot Set

There may exist a somewhat recently discovered set of equations that when plugged into a computer and are assigned particular values can (perhaps) yield significant insights into plant growth patterns. These equations can often be visualized as the characteristic images that are commonly observed on a computer screen. Often, these images can closely replicate the patterns similar to the growth of trees or plants in a forest.

These relations were first discovered by the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot. These extremely simple equations are widely known in mathematical circles as the Mandelbrot set. One of these extremely simple relationships as given to us by Mandelbrot is: the square root of x^2 + c, or - x + the square root of c and - x + square root of c. It is these kind of equations that when assigned particular color values that can often yield the chaotic and often "infinite" appearing patterns that can be observed on a computer.

The mystery for the author has always been if plant growth can be understood to be governed largely by Mandelbrot-like physical processes, precisely how do such equations as this (regardless of what equation they might be) relate in any kind of direct fashion to a plant or to a tree? In short, what might be the physical mechanism that is taking place within (or at the interface of) these bodies with their physical environments?

Or, to put it somewhat differently, how does a tree or plant "decide" where and when to place a new branch or sprout? Thusly, does a plant in the forest have some kind of internal programming mechanism of some kind that in some way directs and / or determines its growth patterns? As mentioned above, these processes may be carried out by the hormone known as Auxin (Curtis & Barnes, 1989). Hence, a wave interaction may provide the physical mechanism for decision making that may in turn be carried out in the plant by the hormone Auxin. So, in this case, utilizing both a particle and wave explanations may yield a more complete picture of events.

Yes, it will remain the author's contention (or working hypothesis here) that it is the interaction of two wave systems with each other that may yield a tree's growth patterns. In the case of Sunlight, such forces on a plant are necessarily externally imposed. It is noteworthy that this hypothesis can only be understood in terms of waves. Thusly, the traditional "particle" viewpoint (of atoms and molecules i.e., the chemical approach) can be viewed as being an incomplete explanatory mechanism (as most all single-minded approaches over the long haul tend to be). Therefore, a somewhat broader picture may be needed, one that has been suggested by quantum mechanics. It was the Frenchmen Louis de Broglie who laid this picture out for us i.e., the "wave" picture of reality. So, let us now apply that knowledge to the biological World.

As in the author's previous works, a plant that arises largely out of sexual reproduction comes about fundamentally out of opposite polarization states, created largely by the physical separation (into opposites) of a particular wave. Thus, a male and female plant are simply waves divided out into two physically separate phases, both 180 degrees in and out-of-phase with each other. And so, one can see that a male plant + a female plant may = 0, i.e., there indeed may be a simultaneous creation that takes place where each plant arises literally out of nothing--or a completely flat wave state. Yes, the original wave in question might be at state zero.

Therefore, when two 180 degree out of phase waves do meet and interact, a precise cancellation may occur where the physical result is equal to zero. Similarly, out of a flat wave state may arise two opposite pairs of plants, both a male and a female--a creation from nothing at all. Asexual reproduction is similar in that it may simply be a wave where there is no dividing at all into two opposites. A plant simply divides and makes an exact copy (or replica) of itself. In this case, there is no polarization into two opposites. So, in the case of asexual reproduction, all copies do contain both male and female elements.

Conclusion

The author suggests the following observation that plants are in essence wavelike systems:

1) Time-lapsed high speed (when played back) photography demonstrates noticeably wobbly to and fro motions of plants as they grow outward and upward. These shaky movements may be reconciled with theory only if plants are wavelike systems and remnant long waves are causing this motion at the precise interface of matter with light waves. An investigation into this observation by experimentalists may reveal more about the wave interaction of matter with light.

The probable predictions for this hypothesis might be as follows:

1) Fertilizers essentially have and shelf-life due to entropy, the scrambling of the waves that compose the substances from their manufactured focus. Entropy may be the stretching of the waves of the Universe over time.

2) The patterns that govern plant growth contain random-like features that will be found to be due to the wavelike qualities of both matter and light. These physical processes might be similar to Mandelbrot-like mathematical relationships and take place only under ideal conditions where light waves meet matter in phase. Present explanations utilizing the chemical approach will fail to explain these phenomena.

3) Plant growth might be found to be described well by Einstein's E = mc^2, or rearranged where Mass Growth = Resonant Wave Energy / c^2. This fairly simple relationship may be found to describe carbohydrate mass growth in a plant where a resonance (or added wave) state occurs. The measurement of mass growth, therefore, may have a close relationship with the combined wave energy of the available matter in both the air and soil with the incident light. C^2 does make sense since we are dealing with light in this case, c being the speed of light.

4) Weight might be added to the author's gravity model at the link below if one takes the view that phototropism and gravitropism are actually identical effects. That is, both well known phenomena come about as a result of the direction of radiation interacting with the plant. And indeed, Auxin is believed to be involved in both effects. So, gravity and EM forces might be connected by studying closely the plant kingdom. See the "Gravitation" text at the link below for further details.

Relevant Links

Electricity: http://www.johnkharms.com/electricity.htm

Gravitation: http://www.johnkharms.com/gravitation.htm

Color: http://www.johnkharms.com/color.htm

The Brain As A Matter Wave System: http://www.johnkharms.com/wave-brain.htm

The Senses as Wave Systems: http://www.johnkharms.com/senses.htm

Entropy: http://www.johnkharms.com/flames.htm

Wave Reality: http://www.johnkharms.com/wave-reality.htm

Evolution Via Sexual Selection: http://www.johnkharms.com/evolution.htm

How Sex Arose: http://www.johnkharms.com/whysex.htm

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References

Curtis, H, Barnes, N. S., 1989, Biology, Fifth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc., New York, P. 440, 671-698

Reader's Note: Proper References And/Or Acknowledgments To This Text Are Appreciated.