The Brane Model

This Text Was Written In Late June, 2002. This Model Is A Different Slant On The Brane Collision Proposal That Is Presently In Vogue. See Also On The Web: http://www.sciencenews.org/20010922/bob9.asp For A Further Description Of The Brane Conception.

The Early Splitting Of Symmetries That Fabricated The Cosmos

A Different Version Of The Brane "Collision" Model For The Universe's Origin

The Big Bang Is An Amplitude Resonance Of Space Arising Out Of The Zero-Point

How The Big Bang Occurred Everywhere

Does Matter Arise As A Result Of Irregularities In The Direction Of Time?

The Entwined Relationship Between Distance And Time

By: John K. Harms

Email: harmsjk3@earthlink.net

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Abstract:

This text proposes a new model for the splitting of symmetries in the very early Universe. These polarizations (as the author calls them) were firstly those of wave phase, and then later followed by a splitting (or polarization) of the arrow of time into opposites. This is closely related to the recent alternative (as of June 2002) "brane" model of the Universe, a newly emerging competitor to the conventional Big Bang model. With this version of the "brane" model, however, the Big Bang can be understood to be a resonance due to a re-interaction of in-phase waves of space with each other. Particle fabrications during the Big Bang may be considered irregularities after this re-interaction in the mixture of both directions of time with each other. How the Big Bang occurred at every location is better explained by the brane conception than by the conventional viewpoint. A somewhat different explanation of distance (space) and time may be thought to be consequences following from the model. Two images are provided to aid in better understanding the model. The proper study of these two images should hopefully clear up any misconceptions concerning this idea.

Key Words: Branes, Big Bang, Resonance, Symmetries, Arrow Of Time, Amplitude, Phase, Matter Fabrication, Distance, Time

Introduction

A recent new model of the creation of the Cosmos involves membrane (or "branes" for short) that collided with each other some 15 billion years ago. These branes are pictured essentially as parallel Universes (different dimensions of space) that traversed across hidden dimensions and then collided. Seed-like imperfections of this space were then generated, tiny fluctuations that henceforth became everything from stars, to galaxies and eventually to super-clusters of galaxies. This model has been widely discussed and debated since it was first proposed at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore in April 2001 (Cowen, 2001).

The Proposed Initial Sequence Of Events: The Polarization Of Wave Phase And Time

Particular questions concerning the Universe's initial situation might be asked: How did the Universe begin? If the Universe did begin with the collision of branes with each other leading to an eventual Big Bang-type explosion, what then were the initial conditions responsible? How did the Cosmos begin with zero energy and then grow and evolve into what we observe today?

The author would like to propose the following scenario for the Universe in essence arising out of nothing: Firstly, in the author's proposal, there initially is only empty and completely motionless space--space without any waves composing it whatever. Then, a polarization of wave "phase" may have taken place. That is, waves were created in the space as long as opposite out-of-phase waves arose along with them. So, opposing waves then branched out and away from each other.

In stage # 1 in the author's view (as seen in Image A below), wave phase may have been first polarized out of nothing--out of the zero-point. This is allowed because of the following very simple symmetrically based equation:

Equation I : An In-Phase Wave + An Out-Of-Phase Wave = 0

Thus, when an in-phase wave does arise (possibly at random or perhaps not--this is left as an open and probably is an unanswerable question by scientific investigation), an out-of-phase wave must follow it. This is in accord with Equation I above. Equation I in the author's view amounts to the first splitting of symmetries in the very early Universe.

Hence, the following symmetry separation and polarization takes place in Image A below. So, an in-phase and out-of-phase wave in this picture may depart paths and separate out from each other (out of a null wave or nothing). Note the direction of the pointing fingers below. These branes once separated must, however, always sum to equal zero-- a straight line when combined and added together as seen toward the bottom of Image A.

Image A

In stage # 2 in Image B of the initial situation below, the symmetry polarization that occurred next then concerned the time direction. That is, time may have divided itself into the forward and backward directions. Hence, Equation # 2 is suggested as:

Forward-In-Time + Backward-In-Time = 0

So, in Image B below, the identical previously separated branes in Image A are now shifted precisely out-of-phase with each other. It can be understood, furthermore, that an out-of-phase wave traveling backward-in-time is equivalent to an in-phase wave. Indeed, both branes by utilizing this methodology can then be transformed into mirror-image opposites, traveling in precisely opposite time directions from each other. Hence, time has now diverged and polarized itself in the early Universe.

This can be understood (viewing it somewhat differently) as the subsequent evolution of the Cosmos after the Big Bang to be matter and antimatter separating themselves out from each other. Antimatter, thus, comes about as a result of the symmetrical polarization of time. Therefore, when there is a recombination (or a reuniting) of the two branes (as seen at the bottom of Image B), the end result might be a resonance Big Bang effect.

Thus, when the two branes are again joined (perhaps after an extensive period of time--in the billions to trillions of years perhaps), a bright resonance Big Bang may ignite itself and particle fabrication can begin. So, matter might arise because of the uneven mixing of time leading to matter and antimatter "pockets" in the Universe. Hence, matter and antimatter may both be the end result of the anomalies in the remixing of the two time directions! This may have taken place after the initial polarization of stage # 2 in Image B below. More about this idea is discussed below.

Image B

So, the Big Bang is fundamentally a resonance system, due to the overlay and rejoining of the two smaller membranes (branes) above with each other. The author pictures this not so much as a collision of the two branes, but rather as a simple interaction of two in-phase waves when the wave systems come back into contact with each other. After the 1/2 wavelength time shift, the waves may combine with each other roughly in-phase, so a resonance effect may be the end result. We call this event the "Big Bang".

Therefore, the above images represent the two stages of the splitting of symmetrical opposites in the early Universe. In historical terms, these symmetrical polarizations of phase and time may both be unique and distinct events. To view more of the author's musings about symmetries, see the "Interesting Symmetries" text at the link below.

The Big Bang Happened Everywhere

This model explains the commonly held statement by cosmologist that the Big Bang occurred everywhere. That is, if this model is the correct picture of space polarizing and then interacting with itself, then the Big Bang quite literally did happen everywhere!

This essentially is the present view held by cosmologists. The Big Bang, thusly, was not a singularity of zero size as in previous models, but a recombination and interaction of out-of-phase waves in space with each other. So, the Big Bang essentially did take place at every location in the early Cosmos, although the resonance may have subsequently expanded and cooled afterward into the Universe we observe today.

Space-Time Expansion

Space-time expansion after the Big Bang may have happened initially due to the outward radiation pressure of the photons during the Big Bang resonance. The resonance could have created an outward pressure that drove the expansion outward. Somewhat later, after irregularities in the direction of time fabricated new particles that became the raw materials (largely gas and dust) for the fabrication of early galaxies.

So, after the galaxies began to coalesce, there may have been a somewhat strong effect upon the time direction. That is, in the simplest picture of the accelerated expansion astronomers now observe, the time direction may have reversed itself outside of galaxies thereby reversing the effect of gravity.

There may, therefore, be a bubble surrounding each galaxies that has a repulsive (or negative gravitational) effect upon all of the other galaxies. Hence, gravity has reversed itself pushing harder on all galaxies the farther they are apart. This agrees with present observations.

It might be surmised, thusly, that the accelerated expansion we now observe only became accelerated after the formation of galaxies. Acceleration was, therefore, a much later effect in the history of the Cosmos, after the galaxies formed. If indeed this were not the case, the acceleration might now be faster than that of light.

Moreover, if the Universe were now traveling outward faster than c, it is not precisely clear to the author what (perhaps) very bizarre consequences might result. One need only to closely examine Einstein's special relativity to grasp the author's point here. See the "Time-Entropy" text at the link below for further details about galaxies, galaxy bubbles and time reversal.

Is Matter Created By An Irregularity In The Direction Of Time?

It is proposed here that both matter and antimatter arise as a result of irregularities in the direction of time (or arrow) that took place in the early Universe. That is, when the two branes came back into contact with each and resulted in the Big Bang resonance (as seen above), there may have been an uneven mixing of the opposite time directions with each other and these irregularities became manifest as both matter and antimatter particles. What we call gravity (that is a characteristic of all matter) can be understood to be an acceleration proximate to each piece of matter. Why?

Since an acceleration due to gravity is simply the squaring of time i.e., meters / sec^2, close to a piece of matter, matter itself can be understood as having to do with wave irregularities in space that give rise to the squaring of time surrounding all matter particles.

Antimatter might, therefore, be an opposite phase irregularity of space from that of ordinary matter. Both matter and antimatter give rise to the squaring of time, but with equal and opposite effects. So, a particle of antimatter (as opposed to a piece of matter which does attract) may have an opposite anti-gravitational push on all other surrounding masses. See the "Antimatter" text at the link below for a deeper description.

Henceforth, it can be seen that an uneven distribution of the time direction may have led directly to the matter and antimatter fabrication in the early Cosmos. This is why a piece of antimatter can be understood to be a time-reversed piece of matter and vice versa. Therefore, this astute observation elaborated upon in greater depth by J. A. Wheeler, R. P. Feynman and various others has a somewhat deep and definitive reason. Indeed, the direction of time (the time arrow) may itself be deeply entwined with particle fabrication!

Conclusion

This model leads to the following probable consequences:

1) Matter fabrication in the Universe and the time arrow are both entwined. One, therefore, can not speak about the effects of matter on space i.e., gravity, without in some sense involving the time element.

2) The emission of light involves time as well, because radiation pressure is in the author's view is opposite to that of gravity. In the case of gravity, the squaring of time is a key element; in radiation pressure, light diminishes as the square of distance (1 / d^2) from the emission source.

One can, therefore redefine distance (or space) in meters and time in seconds to be:

Given The Units:

1) Meters / Second^2 = Units Of The Acceleration Due To Gravity

2) 1 / Distance (Or Space)^2 = The Rate Of The Diminishing Of Radiation Pressure From A Source

These two equations describe the behavior of both gravity and radiation. Note the common squared term in each denominator.

Therefore, we can understand # 1 and # 2 as being mirror-like opposites: Hence, # 1: M / S^2 is roughly equal to # 2: 1 / D^2; or equivalently that: M / S^2 = 1 / D^2. By cross multiplying this simple equation, we can understand that: S^2 = D^3. By solving for seconds, we find that: Seconds = The Square Root Of Distance^3.

Moreover, by solving for distance (or space) we note that: Distance = The Cube Root Of S^2. Since it has been the author's position for over 12 years or more that gravity and radiation pressure essentially are opposite "forces", this relationship must indeed be a valid one.

Relevant Links

Antimatter: http://www.johnkharms.com/antimatter.htm

Time-Entropy (The Accelerated Universe Model): http://www.johnkharms.com/time-entropy.htm

Interesting Symmetries: http://www.johnkharms.com/symmetry.htm

Another Related Text (The Mirror Universe) at: http://www.johnkharms.com/mirror.htm

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References

Cowen, R., September 11, 2001, Science News, Article: When Branes Collide, Vol. 160, No. 12, On-Line At: http://www.sciencenews.org/20010922/bob9.asp

Reader's Note: Proper References And/Or Acknowledgments To This Text Are Appreciated.